O-Level (M1-R5)

Networks

IT Tools & Basics of

Chapter 1- Introduction to Computer ----------------------------------------------- 2

Chapter 2- Introduction to Operating System ------------------------------------55

Chapter 3- Word Processing ----------------------------------------------------------71

Chapter 4- Spreadsheet ----------------------------------------------------------------79

Chapter 5- Presentation ----------------------------------------------------------------85

Chapter 6- Introduction to Internet and WWW ----------------------------------89

Chapter 7- E-mail, Social Networking and e- Governance Services -------- 119

Chapter 8-Digital Financial Tools and Applications ---------------------------- 138

Chapter 9- Overview of Futureskills and Cyber Security --------------------- 148

Chapter 1- Introduction to Computer

Computer ,d Electronic machine gS] tks gekjs fn, x, funsZ’kksa ij dk;Z

djrh gSA Computer Hardware vkSj Software ls feydj cuk gS] ;g ,d

lkoZHkkSfed e’khu gSA Computer ‘kCn dh mRifÙk dEI;wV (Compute) ‘kCn ls

gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS x.kuk djukA Computer dks fgUnh esa lax.kd dgrs gSa]

tks rst xfr ls Arithmetic and Logical operation djrk gSA

Computer fofHkUu dk;ksZa dks djrk gS&

 ;g Input ds :i esa Data ;k Instructions dks Accept djrk gSA

 ;g Data vkSj Instructions dks Store djrk gSA

 ;g Instructions ds vuqlkj Data dks Processed djrk gSA

 ;g Computer ds vUnj gksus okys lHkh operations dks Control djrk gSA

 ;g Output ds :i esa Result nsrk gSA

Computer Terms

Data

Row Facts and Figure ftUgsa Processed djus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA

Information

Meaningful Data tks Processed vkSj Organized gksrk gS] ftls i<dj

le>k tk ldrk gSA

Instruction

Command tks Computer dks crkrk gS] fd D;k djuk gSA

Processing

Data ij Order esa fd, x, Works dks Processing dgrs gSaA tks fd

Data dks Information’s esa Convert djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA

Hardware

Computer ds Physical Component dks Hardware dgrs gSaA

Program

Program ,d izdkj dk funsZ’kksa dk lewg gksrk gS] tks Computer dks

Sequential ;k Non Sequential order esa crkrk gS fd mls D;k djuk gS

Software

Program ds lewg dks Software dgrs gSa] ftlds }kjk Computer fdlh

fo’ks”k izdkj ds dk;Z dks djrk gSA

Computer ds izeq[k ?kVd

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 Memory Unit

 Input Device

 Output Device

Memory Unit

CPU

Control Unit

ALU

Secondary Storage

Input Unit

Output Unit

Block Diagram of Computer

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA ;g Computer dk

fnekx gksrk gSA lhih;w dk dke funsZ’kksa vFkok izksxzkeksa dks Execute

djuk gksrk gSA

lhih;w fuEu ;wfuV ls feydj cuk gksrk gS&

 CU

 ALU

 General Purpose Registers (MU)

1. CU bldk iwjk uke Control Unit gSA CU iwjs dEI;wVj flLVe ds lHkh

dk;ksZa dks fu;af=r djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA ;g ;wfuV lhih;w dh egRoiw.kZ

;wfuV gksrh gSA

2. ALU bldk iwjk uke Arithmetic Logical Unit gSA ;g Computer dh

izeq[k ;qfuV gksrh gSA blds }kjk Computer esa lHkh Arithmetic ,oa

Logical dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA ;g Processor ds vUnj gksrh gSA

3. General Purpose Registers (MU) ;g CPU dk gh ,d fgLlk gksrk gS]

tks izkslsflax ds le; MsVk dks LVksj djus dk dke djrh gSA ;g Computer

dh lcls Fast Memory gksrh gS] D;ksafd ;g CPU ds lcls utnhd gksrh

gSA

Microprocessor (CPU)

Classification of Computer

Computer dks nks rjhds ls Classified fd;k x;k gS&

1. dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ijA (On the basis of work).

2. vkdkj ds vk/kkj ijA (On the basis of size).

Type of Computer Basis on Work

dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ij Computer rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

1. Analog Computer

2. Digital Computer

3. Hybrid Computer

1. Analog Computer ,ukykWx dEI;wVj os Computer gksrs gSa] tks HkkSfrd

ek=kvksa dks ukius dk dk;Z djrs gSaA tSls rki] nkc] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn

eki dj muds ifj.kke vadksa esa O;Dr djrs gSaA ;g Computer nks ifjekiksa

ds chp rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs gSaA Analog Computer dk iz;ksx foKku ,oa

Engineering ds {ks= esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Computer Analog Signal ij

dke djrs gSaA

2. Digital Computer ;g dEI;wVj Calculations and Logical Operations

djrs gSaA Digital Computer Data ,oa Program dks 0]1esa ifjofrZr djds

mudks Electronic :i esa ysrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj Digital Signal ij dke

djrs gSa] vf/kdka’kr% Computer Digital Computer gh gksrs gSaA

tSls& IBM PC, Apple, Macintosh, vk/kqfud Smartphone vkfnA

3. Hybrid Computer os dEI;wVj tks Analog ,oa Digital Computer nksuksa

dk dk;Z djrs gSa] Hybrid Computer dgykrs gSaA

mnkgj.k& Petrol Pump ;g Petrol vkfn dks ukirk gS vkSj mlds ewY; dh

x.kuk Hkh djrk gSA

Type of Computer Base on Size

vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij Computer fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

1. Micro Computer

2. Mini Computer

3. Mainframe Computer

4. Super Computer

1. Micro Computer ;g Computer vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSaA bu Computer

esa Microprocessor dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk] blfy, bUgsa Micro

Computer dgk tkrk gSA ;g otu esa gYds ,oa lLrs Computer gksrs

gSaA bu Computer dk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa NksVs O;olk;ksa esa fd;k tk jgk

gSA bu Computers dks PC Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

PC dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS&

a. Desktop Computer

b. Laptop Computer

c. Palmtop Computer

d. Notebook Computer

e. Tablet Computer

 Desktop Computer MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj os Computer gksrs gSa] ftudks

Table ij j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g Size esa FkksM+s cM+s gksrs gSaA blesa

CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse vkfn gksrs gSaA

 Laptop Computer ySiVkWi dEI;wVj os Computer gksrs gSa] ftudks xksnh

esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSaA ;g Desktop

Computer ls eagxs Computer gksrs gSaA blesa CPU, Keyboard, Mouse

,d lkFk gksrs gSaA buesa Power ds fy, cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

 Palmtop Computer ;g dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ls NksVs gksrs gSa]

ftudks gFksyh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa CPU, Keyboard, Mouse

,d lkFk gksrs gSaA buesa ikoj ds fy, cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA budh dk;Z

djus dh {kerk Laptop Computer ls FkksM+h de gksrh gSA

 Notebook Computer uksVcqd dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ds leku gh

gksrs gSa] ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa CPU, Keyboard,

Mouse ,d lkFk gksrs gSaA buesa ikoj ds fy, cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

 Tablet Computer ;g dEI;wVj cgqr gh NksVs Computer gksrs gSaA ;g

Mobile ls FkksM+s cM+s gksrs gSaA ;g Touch Screen gksrs gSaA

2. Mini Computer ;g oks Computer gksrs gSa] tks dEifu;ksa ,oa ljdkjh

vWkfQl esa Server Computer ds dk;Z ds fy, iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA budh

dk;Z {kerk Micro Computer ls vf/kd gksrh gSaA bl Computer ij

,d lkFk dbZ User Login dj ldrs gSaA budh Memory {kerk cgqr

vf/kd gksrh gSA budk Hardware lkekU; Computer ls cM+k gksrk gSA

;g Computer ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys Computer ugh gksrs gSaA ;g

eagxs Computer gksrs gSaA bl Computer dk iz;ksx Company ds

Database dks j[kus ds fy, ,oa Company ds vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dks

djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA PDP-8 First Mini Computer gS] ftldk

fodkl 1965 esa fd;k x;k FkkA bldk vkdkj fÝt ds cjkcj FkkA

bldh dher 18000 MkWyj FkhA ftls DEC Company usa cuk;k FkkA

DEC dk iwjk uke Digital Equipment Corporation gSA

3. Mainframe Computer ;g oks Computer gSa tks cM+h&cM+h dEifu;ksa

,oa ljdkjh vWkfQl esa Server Computer ds dk;Z ds fy, iz;ksx fd,

tkrs gSaA bl Computer ij ,d lkFk dbZ User Login dj ldrs gSaA

budh Memory {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA ;g eagxs Computer gksrs

gSaA bu Computers esa Micro Computer dk iz;ksx Client ds rkSj ij

fd;k tkrk gSA

4. Super Computer lqij dEI;wVj fo’ks”k izdkj ds Computer gksrs gSA

budk fuekZ.k fo’ks”k dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls

rst vkSj cMs Computer gksrs gSA bu Computer esa vusd CPU ,d

lekUrj Øe esa yxs jgrs gSA ftlds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk

cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA fo'o dk igyk Super Computer CDC 6600 gSA

vkSj Hkkjr dk igyk Super Computer PARAM 8000 gSA

lqij dEI;wVj ds dk;Z&

 varfj{k ;k=k ds fy,A

 ;q) ds fy,A

 ekSle foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy,A

 High resolution and action Movies cukus ds fy,A

dEI;wVj dh fo’ks”krk,¡&

 Speed ¼xfr½ Computer cgqr rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gSA Computer

ds Processor dh Speed dks gV~Zt (Hertz) esa ekik tkrk gSA

 Accuracy ¼’kq)rk½ Computer vius dk;Z dks cgqr ‘kq)rk ds lkFk

djrk gSA ;fn ogh dk;Z ekuo ds }kjk fd;k tk;s rks mlesa error gks

ldrh gSA ysfdu ogh dk;Z Computer ds }kjk fd;k tk, rks cgqr

rhozxfr ls ‘kq) dSydqys’ku djds nsxkA

 Multitalented ¼lkoZHkkSfedrk½ Computer ,d Multifunctional

Machine gSA ftlls nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks dj ldrs gSaA vFkkZr~

;g ,d lkoZHkkSfed e’khu gSA

 Memory dEI;wVj dh ;kn j[kus dh {kerk cgqr T;knk gSA Computer

dh Memory dks vko’;drk ds vuqlkj de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSA

tcfd ekuo dh Memory esa ;g fo’ks”krk ugh gSA ekuo dsoy

egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh ;kn j[krk gSA vuko’;d ckrksa dks ;kn ugh

j[krk gSA

 Diligence ¼ifjJe’khyrk½ Computer fcuk Fkds dbZ fnuksa rd dk;Z

djus dh {kerk j[krk gS] tksfd ekuo ds vUnj ugh gSA ;g dHkh

Fkdrk ugh gS] tcfd ekuo dqN le; dk;Z djus ds ckn Fkd tkrk

gS vkSj mldks vkjke dh t:jr gksrh gSA

 Honest ¼bZekunkjh½ Computer vius dk;Z dks bZekunkjh ds lkFk

djrk gS] tcfd ekuo vius dk;Z dks bZekunkjh ls ugh djrk gSA

 User-Friendly dEI;wVj User-Friendly gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ bls pykuk

ljy gksrk gSA

Weakness ¼dfe;¡k½&

 No IQ dEI;wVj ds vUnj lkspus le>us dh {kerk ugh gksrh gS] tksfd

ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA ;gh otg gS fd Computer ekuo dk xqyke

gSA

 No Feeling dEI;wVj ds vUnj Feeling ugh gksrh gS] tksfd ekuo ds

vUnj gksrh gSA

History of Computer ¼dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl½

vk/kqfud Computer dks vkfLrRo esa vk, gq, eqf’dy ls 50 o”kZ gh gq, gSa]

blds fodkl dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA Computer dk tks Lo:i vkt ge

ns[k jgsa gSa og vpkud gh fodflr ugh gqvk] cfYd ;gk¡ gtkjksa o”kksZa dh oSKkfud

[kkstsa vkSj fofHkUu izdkj ds vfo”dkjksa ls laHko gqvk gSA

 Abacus ¼vcsdl½ Abacus dk vfc”dkj phu esa 16oh ‘krkCnh esa Lee Kai-

Chen ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA bldk iz;ksx tksM+ (Addition) ?kVkus

(Subtraction) ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA

Abacus

 Pascal’s Calculator ¼ikLdy dk x.kuk ;a=½ Pascal’s Calculator dk

vfo”dkj Ýkal (France) esa 1642 esa Blaise Pascal ds }kjk fd;k x;k

FkkA ;g x.kuk,a djus okyk igyk okLrfod ;a= FkkA bldk iz;ksx ,fM’ku

(Addition), lCVªSD’ku (Subtraction), eYVhfIyds’ku (Multiplication) vkSj

fMohtu (Division) ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA

Pascal’s Calculator

Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine

bl dk vfc”dkj fczfV’k esa 1822 esa pkYlZ cScst ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA

ftudks vk/kqfud Computer dk tud dgk tkrk gSA blds }kjk fofHkUu

chtxf.krh; Qyuksa dk eku n’keyo ds 20 LFkkuksa rd ‘kq+++++)rk iwoZd Kkr fd;k

tk ldrk FkkA bl e’khu esa ‘kk¶V vkSj fx;j yxs gksrs Fks] rFkk ;g e’khu

Hkki ls pyrh FkhA bl e’khu dk mi;ksx mu fnuksa Mkd] jsy] chek rFkk

O;kolkf;d {ks=ksa esa O;kid :i ls fd;k tkrk FkkA

Difference Engine

Analytical Engine (1833)

Difference Engine dh lQyrk ls iszfjr gksdj pkYlZ cScst us ,d ,sls ;a=

dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh ftls Input, Storage, Process] vkSj Output tSls eq[;

pkj Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k Fkk] ftldk izk:i vkt ds Computer ls dkQh gn

rd feyrk gSA bl e’khu dh lajpuk vius vki esas laiw.kZ FkhA blesa u dsoy

vad xf.krh; fØ;kvksa dks djus dh {kerk Fkh] cfYd Output dks Store djus

dk fopkj Hkh blh e’khu esa igyh ckj izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA

Analytical Engine

Tabulating Machine

bldk vfo”dkj 1880 esa Herman Hollerith ¼gjeu gksysfjFk½ ds }kjk fd;k

x;k FkkA blesa Information dks Punched Cards esa LVksj fd;k tkrk FkkA

1896 esa gksysfjFk us VscqysfVax e’khu daiuh dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh] ftldks 1924

esa International Business Machines (IBM) dj fn;k x;kA

Mark-1 ¼ekdZ&1½

bldk vfo”dkj 1930 esa gkoMZ vkbdkWu ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g fo’o dh

igyh Electromechanical Calculator machine FkhA

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

bldk vfo”dkj 1946 esa J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly ds }kjk fd;k

x;k FkkA ;g fo’o dk igyk bysDVªkWfud dEI;wVj FkkA

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

bldk vfo”dkj 1949 esa Maurice Wilkes ¼ekSfjl foYdsl½ ds }kjk fd;k x;k

FkkA

Generations of Computer

Computer dk fodkl 16oha ‘krkCnh ls ‘kq: gqvk] orZeku Computer esa fiNys

50 o”kksZa ds nkSjku rsth ls cnyko vk;k gSA ftl vof/k esa Computer dk

fodkl gqvk mls ik¡p pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] tks fd izeq[k rduhdh

fodkl ij vk/kkfjr gSA tks ewy :i ls Computer ds dke djus ds rjhds dks

cny nsrk gSA Computer ds bfrgkl dh ;g ;k=k Vacuum tube ds lkFk

1940 esa ‘kq: gqbZ Fkh] vkSj rc ls pyh vk jgh gSA orZeku esa ;g Ñf=e cqf)

(Artificial Intelligence) dk iz;ksx dj rjDdh dj jgh gSA fodkl ds ifj.kke

Lo:i rsth ls NksVs lLrs vkSj vf/kd ‘kfDr’kkyh dq’ky Computing dk vfo”dkj

gks ik;k gSA

Computer dks rduhdh (Technology) ds vk/kkj ij ik¡p ihf<+;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k

gS&

1. First Generation (1940-1956)

Computer dh igyh ih<+h esa CPU ds fy, Memory vkSj Circuitry ds

fy, Basic components ds :i esa Vacuum Tube dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk

FkkA Vacuum Tube dk vfo”dkj 1904 esa lj tkWu ,Eczksl ¶ysfeax ds

}kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g Input fNfnzr dkMZ vkSj isij Vsi ij vk/kkfjr Fkk]

vkSj vkmViqV Printout ij iznf’kZr (Display) fd;k tkrk FkkA blesa funsZ’k

e’khu Hkk”kk esa fy[ks x, Fks] vkSj blesa Coding ds fy, 0 vkSj 1 dk

mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA bu Computers dk vkdkj cgqr cM+k gksrk Fkk]

vkSj ;s cgqr eagxs gksrs FksA ;s dEI;wVj cgqr vf/kd xehZ mRiUu djrs Fks]

blfy, bUgs Air Conditioning dh vko’;drk gksrh FkhA ;s T;knk fctyh

dk miHkksx djrs FksA

bl ih<+h ds dqN dEI;wVjksa ds uke bl izdkj gSa ftlesa Vacuum Tube

Technology dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk& ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-1,

UNIVAC-2, IBM-701, IBM-650

Vacuum Tube

2. Second Generation (1956-1963)

bl ih<+h ds Computer esa Vacuum Tube dh txg ij Transistor dk

iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA Transistor dk vfo”dkj lu~ 1947 eas fofy;e

‘kkWdys (William Shockley) ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ;s Computer vkdkj

esa NksVs] rst] lLrs] vf/kd mtkZ dq’ky vkSj fo’oluh; FksA blesa pqEcdh;

dksj dks izkFkfed eseksjh vkSj pqEcdh; Vsi vkSj fMLd dks ek/;fed HkaMkj.k

midj.kksa ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA bl ih<+h ds Computer esa

High Level Language vkSj Assembly Language dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk

FkkA bldk mi;ksx Scientist vkSj Commercial Purpose ds fy, fd;k

tkrk FkkA

bl ih<+h ds dqN Computer bl izdkj gSa& IBM 1620, IBM 1401, IBM

7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108

Transistors

3. Third Generation (1964-1971)

bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj esa Transistor dh txg ij Integrated Circuit (IC)

dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA IC dk vfo”dkj tSd fdYch (Jack Kilby) us

1959 esa fd;k FkkA blesa ,d Single IC esa ,d Single Silicon Chip ij

dbZ Transistor, Register vkSj Capacitor gksrs gSaA IC fpi ds mi;ksx us

dEI;wVj dh xfr vkSj dk;Z{kerk dks dbZ xquk c<+k fn;k FkkA blesa Multi

Programming Operating System vkSj High Level Programming

Language tSls& Fortran, Cobol, Pascal vkSj Basic dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k

FkkA ;s dEI;wVj vkdkj esa NksVs vkSj rst gksrs FksA ;s fctyh dh [kir de

djrs Fks] vkSj xehZ Hkh de mRiUu djrs FksA ;s dEI;wVj pykus esa vklku

gksrs FksA bldk mi;ksx Scientist, Commercial vkSj Interactive Online

Applications ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA

bl ih<+h ds dqN dEI;wVjksa ds uke bl izdkj gSa& IBM-360 series,

Honeywell-6000 series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), IBM-

370/168, TDC-316

Integrated Circuit (IC)

4. Fourth Generation (1972-2010)

blesa Large Scale Integration (LSI) vkSj Very Large Scale Integration

(VLSI) rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA blesa LSI rduhd dk mi;ksx

djds gtkjksa Transistor ,d NksVs ls flfydkWu fpi ij yxk;s x;s FksA bl

vfo”dkj ls iwjh Central Processing Unit ,d NksVh lh fpi esa vk xbZ

ftls ekbØks izkslslj dgk tkrk gSA blds mi;ksx okys Computers dks

Micro Computer dgk x;kA MS-DOS vkSj MS Windows tSls

Operating System bl le; ds nkSjku fodflr fd, x, FksA blus

Graphical User Interface (GUI) dk Hkh leFkZu fd;kA blesa izksxzke High

Level Programming Language esa fy[ks tkrs gSaA tSls& C, C++ vkSj

DBASE vkfnA

bl ih<+h ds dqN dEI;wVjksa ds uke bl izdkj gSa& IBM 4341, DEC 10,

STAR 1000, PUP 11

5. Fifth Generation (2010- continued)

;g Generation dEI;wVj dk Present Generation gSA bl Generation

ds dEI;wVj ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) Technology ij

vk/kkfjr gSA blesa Artificial Intelligence (A I) dks Develop fd;k tk jgk

gS] ftlesa [kqn ls lkspus le>us dh ‘kfDr gksxhA bl vof/k ds nkSjku 64

fcV ekbØksizkslslj fodflr fd, x, gSaA blesa High level language vkSj

Natural language processing dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA bldk mi;ksx

Commercial Interactive, Online Multimedia vkSj usVodZ vuqiz;ksxksa ds

fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

bl ih<+h ds dqN dEI;wVj ds mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa& Desktop, Laptop,

Notebook, Chrome Book, Ultra Book.

IT Gadgets and Their Applications

,d IT Device “lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh” ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

,d ,slk O;kid ‘kCn gS tks lHkh miyC/k lapkj midj.kksa tSls fd Cell Phone]

Television Set] Tablet] Personal Computer vkfn dks doj djrk gSA IT esa

baVjusV ls tqM+s fMokbl vkSj ok;jysl rduhd }kjk lefFkZr eksckby nksuksa ‘kkfey

gSaA bldh ifjHkk”kk esa midj.kksa tSls& Landline Phone] Redio vkSj izlkj.k

Vhoh ‘kkfey gSA ICT (Information and Communication Technology) fMokbl

O;fDr;ksa vkSj laxBuksa ¼daifu;ksa] ljdkjksa vkSj ‘kSf{kd izfr”Bkuksa½ ds fy, fo’ks”k

:i ls fMtkbu fd, x, vuqiz;ksxksa ds ek/;e ls Digital nqfu;k esa ,d nwljs

ds lkFk laokn djus dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA uohure vkbZlhVh xStsV~l vkSj muds

mi;ksx esa LekVZQksu] VScysV] fMftVy Vhoh vkSj vU; jkscksV&vk/kkfjr rduhd

‘kkfey gSA gekjs nSfud thou esa IT ds lekos’k us yxHkx lHkh phtksa dks cny

fn;k gSA ge O;fDrxr vkSj O;kolkf;d nksuksa Lrjksa ij vkbZlhVh (ICT) dk iz;ksx

djrs gSaA dEI;wVj izkS|ksfxdh vuqiz;ksx vc ekuo }kjk fd, x, lSdM+ksa dk;Z

djrs gSaA

IT Gadgets dh lwph&

 TV

 Mobile

 Laptop

 Tablet

 Desktop

 PDA

 GPS

 Telephone

Use of Computers-

vk/kqfud ;qx esa Computer gekjs nSfud thou dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA

vkt os izkjafHkd dEI;wVjksa dh rjg flQZ x.kuk ugh djrs cfYd bu fnuksa

Computer dk mi;ksx gj txg tSls& ?kjksa] ‘kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa] O;olk;] fpfdRlk]

ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa] d`f”k] fjlpZ] cSafdax] j{kk o lSU; {ks=ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA

Use of Computer in Different Fields

 Computer dk nSfud thou esa mi;ksx& Computer us gekjs lekt ij

cgqr egRoiw.kZ izHkko Mkyk gSA vkt ds le; esa yxHkx vf/kdrj ?kjksa esa

Computer ik;k tkrk gSA os bldk bLrseky vius fofHkUu dk;ksZa dks

djus ds fy, djrs gSaA fQj pkgs Internet pykuk gks] Email Hkstuk gks]

Game [ksyuk gks] Online Chat djuk gks ;k fQj Office ds dk;ksZa dks

djus ds fy, Hkh Computer dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

 Computer dk f’k{kk ds {ks= esa mi;ksx& Education ds {ks= esa Hkh

Computer dk mi;ksx c[kwch gksrk gSA vkt ds le; esa dbZ ‘kSf{kd

laLFkkuksa esa Smart Classroom gksrs gSa] ftlds varxZr Computers dh enn

ls fdlh Ldwy ds Teaching vkSj Learning process dks csgrj cuk;k tkrk

gSA blds vykok vkt f’k{kk izkIr djus ds fy, e-classroom Hkh rsth ls

yksdfiz; gks jgk gSA blds vykok Ldwyksa esa dbZ nwljs dk;Z tSls& Report

Card rS;kj djus] Project o Assignment cukus vkSj Online ijh{kk,a

djokus ds fy, Hkh Computer dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

 Computer dk fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa mi;ksx& fpfdRlk {ks= ds vk/kqfudhdj.k

esa Computer dh ,d vge Hkwfedk jgh gSA Computer ds mi;ksx ls

fdlh chekjh dk funku [kkstus vkSj Hospitals esa jksfx;ksa ds bykt djus

ds rjhds esa dkQh lq/kkj vk;k gSA Computer ds bLrseky ls jksfx;ksa vkSj

nokvksa dk fjdkWMZ j[kuk Hkh csgn vklku gks x;k gSA

 Computer dk cSafdax ds {ks= esa mi;ksx& cSadksa esa Computer dk mi;ksx

fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& Customer ds Account dh

tkudkjh j[kuk gks] [kkrk/kkjd dh iklcqd ;k cSad LVsVesaV dk Print

fudkyuk gks] [kkrk/kkjd }kjk fd, x, Transaction dk VªSd j[kuk gks bu

lHkh dk;ksZa ds fy, cSad Computer dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ATM Machine

ftlds }kjk ge iSls fudkyrs vkSj tek djrs gSa oks Hkh ,d rjg dk

Computer gh gSA

 Computer dk O;kikj ds {ks= esa mi;ksx& Business dks cM+k djus ds

fy, vkt gj Businessman Computer dk mi;ksx dj jgk gSA Business

esa Computer ,d vko’;d Vwy dh rjg cu x;k gSA ;gk¡ Computer

dk bLrseky daifu;ka izksMDV MsoyiesaV] ekdsZfVax vkSj izksMDV forj.k izfØ;k

dks vklku vkSj izHkkoh cukus ds fy, djrh gSA DykbaV ls csgrj lEcU/k

cukus esa Hkh Computer ,d e/;LFk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA

 Computer dk euksjatu ds {ks= esa mi;ksx& euksjatu ds fy, ge lHkh

cM+s iSekus ij Computer dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA fQj pkgs Movies ns[kuk

gks] Online Game [ksyuk gks] ;k laxhr lquuk gksA Hkys gh bldh ‘kq:vkr

,d ,slh e’khu ds :i esa gqbZ Fkh ftldk mi;ksx flQZ Office ds dk;ksZa

dks djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk] ijUrq vkt Entertainment ds {ks= esa

Computer ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk cu x;k gSA

 j{kk vkSj lSU; {ks= esa Computer dk mi;ksx& j{kk ds {ks= esa Computer

csgn egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA nq’eu dh felkby dks VªSd djus vkSj

VkjxsV lsV djus tSls vkWijs’ku dks Computer dh enn ls vatke fn;k

tkrk gSA lSU; okguksa dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, Hkh Computer mi;ksx

esa fy, tkrs gSaA tSls Fighter plans vkSj Tanks ds }kjk VkjxsV lsV djus

vkSj mls u”V djus ds fy, budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lSfudksa dks

izf’k{k.k nsus ds fy, Computer Simulations dk bLrseky gksrk gS] ftlesa

fcuk lSfudksa dks uqdlku igqaps os lSU; izf’k{k.k izkIr djrs gSaA blds

vykok GPS tracking dh enn ls ‘k=q&lsuk dh Location dks Track fd;k

tkrk gSA

 Computer dk foKku vkSj vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa mi;ksx& foKku vkSj

vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa Computer ‘kq:vkr ls gh mi;ksx esa fy, tkrs jgs

gSaA oSKkfud Data dks ,d= vkSj Process djus ds fy, Computer dk

mi;ksx djrs gSaA foKku ds {ks= esa Research vkSj Development ds fy,

Hkh cM+s iSekus ij Computer dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;wVjksa dk

bLrseky djds Scientists vius lg;ksxh oSKkfudksa ds lkFk Research

lEcU/kh lwpuk dk vknku&iznku Hkh djrs gSaA Hkwdai lEcU/kh tkudkjh ,d=

djus vkSj ekSle dk gky tkuus ds fy, Hkh oSKkfudksa }kjk Computers

dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Basics of Hardware and Software

Computer ds HkkSfrd Hkkxksa dks Hardware dgk tkrk gSA ;k fQj Computer

ds os Part ftUgs ge Touch dj ldrs gSa os lHkh Hardware Part dgykrs

gSaA Computer esa dbZ vyx&vyx izdkj ds Hardware Components gksrs gSa]

mu lHkh Component dks Mother Bord ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSA tSls&

Microprocessor] Hard Disk] Floppy Disk] Optical Disk] Monitor]

Keyboard] Printer etc. dEI;wVj ds Hardware Part dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk

x;k gSA tks uhps IPOS ds pkVZ esa crk;k x;k gS&

Input Device ¼buiqV fMokbl½

Input Device os Device gksrs gSa ftudk iz;ksx Computer esa Data rFkk

funsZ’kksa dks Input ds :i esa nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Computer esa mi;ksx

gksus okys dbZ rjg ds Input Device dk mi;ksx gksrk gS] ftudk iz;ksx ge

dbZ vyx&vyx rjg ls Input nsus ds fy, djrs gSaA Computer esa iz;ksx

gksus okyk eq[; Input Device Keyboard gS ftldk iz;ksx funsZ’kksa dks Type

djds nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

 Key Board& ;g ,d lcls T;knk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh Input Device

gSA ;g VkbijkbZVj ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA blls Text, Number,

Symbol vkfn dks Computer ds vanj Input fd;k tkrk gSA ,d Standard

Keyboard esa 101-105 dh gksrh gSaA Multimedia key board esa blls

vf/kd dh gksrh gSaA

Technology ds vk/kkj ij Keyboard dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

 Wired Keyboard (PS2, USB)

 Wireless Keyboard

 Bee Raider Keyboard

 Hologram Keyboard

 Key mouse Keyboard

Wired Keyboard

Key Mouse

Bee Raider

Hologram Keyboard

 Mouse& ;g GUI interface esa lcls T;knk iz;ksx gksus okyh Pointer

input device gSA blesa dqy rhu cVu gksrs gSaA Left and Right Button

vkSj chp esa ,d Scroll button gksrk gSA

Technology ds vk/kkj ij Mouse dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

 Optical Mouse

 Wired Mouse (PS

USB)

 Wireless Mouse

 Touchpad

 Mechanical Mouse

Mechanica Mouse

Optical Wired

Optical Wireless

Touchpad

 Scanner& Scanner ,d Input Device gS ftldk mi;ksx Hard Copy

¼Nis gq, ist½ dks Soft Copy esa cnyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA isij ij

Nih gqbZ lwpuk dks Scanner Computer esa lh/ks rkSj ij Input djrk

gSA Scan fd, gq, Data dks Software dh enn ls Edit Hkh dj ldrs

gSaA

Scanner

 OMR& bldk iwjk uke Optical Mark Reader gSA ;g ,d ,slh Device

gS tks OMR Sheet ij Pencil ;k Pen ds fpUg dh mifLFkfr vkSj

vuqmifLFkfr dks tk¡prh gSA ;g Machine dsoy OMR Sheet dks tk¡prh

gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx Competitive examination dh Answer book

dks Check djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds iz;ksx ls de le; esa lgh

ifj.kke vk tkrs gSaA

 OCR& bldk iwjk uke Optical Character Recognition gSA OCR ,d ,slh

Technology gS ftlds }kjk ge fofHkUu Document tSls& image, PDF

Files ;k gkFk ls fy[ks gq, Documents vkfn dks bl izdkj ds Data esa

cny ldrs gSa] tks Computer le> ldrk gSA OCR ds }kjk ge fdlh

Hkh Document dks Edit dj ldrs gSaA

 MICR& MICR dk iwjk uke Magnetic Ink Character Recognition gSA

bldk iz;ksx cSadksa esa vf/kd la[;k esa psd tkapus esa fd;k tkrk gSA MICR

Technology esa psd ij fo’ks”k pqEcdh; L;kgh }kjk dSjsDVj Nkis tkrs gSaA

MICR jhMj psd ij Nis dSjsDVj dks pqEcdh; dkW;y ds laosnu ls i<+rk

gS] vkSj ;g tkaprk gS fd psd lgh gS ;k ughA psd ij tks v{kj Nis

jgrs gSa og pqEcdh; L;kgh ls fy[ks jgrs gSaA

 Light Pen& Light Pen dk iz;ksx Computer Screen ij dksbZ fp= ;k

vkd`fr dk fuek.kZ djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d Pointer

Device gSA Light Pen esa ,d QksVks lsy gksrk gSA tc ge Light Pen ls

Computer Screen ij dksbZ fp= cukrs gS rks] bldh iYl LØhu ls

Transmit gksdj Computer esa Save gks tkrh gSA Light Pen dk iz;ksx

Menu Option dks pquus esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx

CAD ds dk;ksZ esa vf/kd gks jgk gSA

 Joystick& bldk iz;ksx Computer esa Games [ksyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk

gSA Joystick ds ek/;e ls Screen ij mifLFkr vkd`fr dks vklkuh ls

ewo fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g cPpksa dks Computer fl[kkus dk vklku

rjhdk gSA blls Games [ksyuk lqfo/kktud gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx Robot

dks Control djus ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

 Trackball& VªSdckWy eSdsfudy ekml dh rjg fn[kus okyk ,d Pointing

Input Device gSA ftl esa Åijh lrg ij ,d jcM+ dh Ball yxh gksrh

gS ftl dks ?kqekus ls Mouse Pointer dks Control fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Trackball eSdsfudy ekml dh rduhdh ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA

 Touch Screen& Touch Screen ,d buiqV fMokbl gSA Touch Screen

dh lgk;rk ls Input nsus ds fy, maxfy;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

maxfy;ksa ds iz;ksx ls Screen ij fn[kus okys Object dks pquk tk ldrk

gS vkSj bldh lgk;rk ls Computer dks funsZ’k fn, tk ldrs gSaA ;g

rduhdh User Friendly gksrh gS vkSj bldks pykuk vklku gksrk gSA blesa

Mouse dk dk;Z maxyh djrh gS vkSj ftl Option dks Select djuk

gksrk gS mls maxyh ls Touch djrs gSA vkt ds fnuksa esa vf/kdrj Mobile

esa Touch Screen dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

 Digitizing Tablet or Graphic Table& Digitizing tablet ,d drawing

lrg gksrh gSA blds lkFk ,d Pen ;k Mouse gksrk gSA bl Table ij

irys rkjksa dk tky gksrk gS] ftl ij Pen pykrs gh ladsr Computer

esa pys tkrs gSA blds Åij ,d Scanning Head yxk jgrk gS ftls id

dgrs gSA bldk iz;ksx v{kj dks bfPNr Graphical fLFkfr esa ikus ds fy;s

fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls Graph dk fuek.kZ Hkh fd;k tk ldrk

gSA blfy;s bls Graph Table Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

 Bar Code Reader (BCR)& ckjdksM jhMj dk mi;ksx Bar Code dks Read

djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Product ds Åij Nis Barcode esa dbZ

rjg dh egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;ka fNih gksrh gSa ftudks Read djus ds fy,

Bar Code Reader dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Market esa miyC/k vf/kdrj

Product esa Barcode fn;k gksrk gS ftlesa dbZ egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;ka gksrh

gaS tSls mudk Price] Manufacturing Date vkfn dks i<+us ds fy, bldk

mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fcfyax dkmaVj ij fcy rS;kj djus esa Hkh bldk

mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Output Device

Computer esa Output Device ,d Hardware Component gS ftldk iz;ksx

Computer ls Output izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Computer ds }kjk

dbZ vyx&vyx rjg dk Output tujsV gksrk gS ftldks izkIr djus ds fy,

dbZ vyx&vyx rjg ds Output Device dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls& Video]

Audio rFkk Text dks izkIr djus ds fy, buls lacfU/kr Output Device dk

mi;ksx gksrk gSA

 Monitor& Monitor Computer dh ,d Output Display Device gS] ftls

Visual Display Unit ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g ns[kus esa TV, LCD,

LED dh rjg gksrk gSA ,d Monitor dk dk;Z User }kjk fn, x, Input

ds ifj.kke dks Soft copy esa iznf’kZr djuk gksrk gSA

Types of Computer Monitors-

 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor ;g rduhdh lLrh ,oa jaxhu

Output nsus esa l{ke gSA blesa fiDpj V;wc ,yhesaV gksrk gS tks

iqjkus Vhoh lsV ds rjg gksrk gSA ;g Technology cUn gks pqdh gSA

 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) ;g ,d Flat Panel Display

Technology gS ftls vkerkSj ls TV

vkSj Computer monitors esa

bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA mlds lkFk bldk bLrseky Mobile Device,

Laptops, Tablets vkSj Smartphones esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

fo|qr dh [kir de djrs gSa vkSj otu esa gYds gksrs gSaA

 Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED ,d lseh daMDVj fMokbl gS] tks

fo|qr djaV feyus ij Light ikl djrk gS vkSj Display fn[kkrk gSA

bldh jks’kuh T;knk pedhyh ugh gksrh gSA blesa Backlight jks’kuh

ds fy, Diode dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA budh dher LCD ls T;knk

gksrh gS] lkFk gh bUgs LCD dk gh u;k Version ekuk tkrk gSA

 Printer& fizaVj ,d Electronic Device gS] ftldk mi;ksx Digital lwpuk

dks dkxt ij Nkius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Printer ,d Output Device

gS] tks Computer esa Soft copy dks Hard copy esa ifjofrZr djus dk

dke djrk gSA

Printer eq[; :i ls nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

I. Impact printer

II. Non-Impact printer

Impact Printer

bl Printer dk iz;ksx Printing Documents ds lkFk&lkFk Graphics ds fy,

Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA Impact printer ,slk Printer gS tgk¡ fizaV&gsM] fjcu&dkfVªZt

vkSj isij ds chp ,d Physical laidZ LFkkfir fd;k x;k gksrk gSA blesa bad

fjcu ds iz;ksx ls dkxt ij Effective ¼izHkkoh½ NikbZ gksrh gSA

Impact printer dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

 Dot Matrix Printer

 Daisy Wheel Printer

 Line Printer

 Chain Printer

 Drum Printer etc.

Dot Matrix Printer- ;g ,d yksdfiz; Impact Printer gSA buds fizaV gsM

esa fiuksa dk ,d eSfVªDl gksrk gSA blesa NksVs&NksVs fcUnqvksa ls feydj v{kjksa

dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA buds fizafVax gsM esa 9]14]18 ;k 24 fiuksa dk

Horizontal Group gksrk gSA ,d ckj esa ,d dkWye dh fiu gsM ls ckgj

fudydj MkWV~l dks Nkirh gSA budh fizafVax xfr 30 ls 600 v{kj izfr

lsdsaM gksrh

Daisy Wheel Printer- bu fizaVjksa esa fizfUVax ds fy, ,d IykfLVd ds

ifg, (Wheel) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl ifg, dh vkd`fr xqycgkj

Qwy (Daisy Flower) ds leku gksrh gS] blfy, bl fizaVj dks Daisy

Wheel Printer dgk tkrk gSA

Line Printer- bl izdkj ds fizaVj ,d le; esa ,d iwjh iafDr Nkirs gSaA

bl izdkj ds fiazVj rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrs gSaA budh xfr LPM (Line Per

Minute) gksrh gSA ;g ,d feuV esa 300 ls 2500 ykbuksa dks fizaV dj

ldrs gSaA

Non-Impact Printer

ukWu bEiSDV fizaVlZ Printing esa Electrostatic vkSj Inkjet Technology dk iz;ksx

djrs gSaA vkerkSj ij Non-impact printer Impact printer dh vis{kk rst gksrs

gSaA

Non-Impact printer dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

 Inkjet Printer

 Thermal Printer

 Laser Printer

 Electromagnetic Printer

 Electrostatic Printer

Inkjet Printer- badtsV fizaVj ,d non-impact printer gSA ftlesa ,d

uksty ls dkxt ij L;kgh dh cawnksa dh ckSNkj djds dSjsDVj vkSj fp=ksa dh

NikbZ dh tkrh gSA fizaV gsM ds uksty esa L;kgh dh cwanksa dks pktZ djds

dkxt ij mfpr fn’kk esa NksMk tkrk gSA bl fizaVj dk fizaVvkmV vf/kd

Li"V gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa v{kj dk fuekZ.k dbZ MkWV~l ls feydj gksrk

gSA

Thermal Printer- ;g Paper ij v{kj Nkius ds fy, Heat dk iz;ksx

djrk gSA Heat ds }kjk L;kgh dks fi?kykdj dkxt ij NksM+rs gSa] ftlls

v{kj ;k fp= Nirs gSaA QSDl e’khu Hkh ,d izdkj dk FkeZy fiazVj gSA

Laser Printer- ystj fizaVj ds }kjk mPp xq.koÙkk (High Quality) ds v{kj

vkSj fp= Nkis tkrs gSaA ;s fofHkUu izdkj ds Laser Printer vkSj fofHkUu

Style ds v{kj dks ystj fdj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls Nki ldrs gSaA

3D Printer- Three-Dimensional (3D) Printer ubZ ih<+h dh Printing

Machine gSA bldks Additive Manufacture Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tksfd 3D

Digital ekWMy dh oLrq dks Layer by Layer cukrh gSA bldk vfo”dkj

1984 esa pd gy (Chuck Hull) us fd;k FkkA 3D Printer oLrq dk fuekZ.k

djus ds fy, feJ /kkrq] ikWfyej] IykfLVd vkSj [kk| lkexzh tSlh lkexzh

dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA okLro esa dEI;wVj }kjk Modeling Software dk

mi;ksx djds dbZ izdkj ds Object fMtkbu fd, tkrs gSa tSls fd& f[kykSus]

midj.k] xgusa vkSj ;gka rd dh gfFk;kjksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh 3D Printer }kjk

fd;k tkrk gSA

 Plotter& ;g ,d Output Device gS blls fp= ,oa Graph dks Print

fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk cSuj ]iksLVj vkfn dks Print fd;k tkrk gSA

;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gS&

1. Drum pen plotter

2. Flatbed plotter

Computer Memory and Storage

;g fMokbl Input Device ds }kjk izkIr funsZ’kksa dks Computer esa Store djds

j[krk gSA ;g Computer dh Storage Unit gSA Memory CPU dk vfHkUu vax

gSA bls Computer dh Main memory, Internal memory ;k Primary

memory Hkh dgrs gSaA blesa Data dks Binary Format (0,1) esa Store fd;k

tkrk gSA

Note- fdlh Hkh funsZ’k] lwpuk vFkok ifj.kkeksa dks Store djds j[kuk Memory

dgykrk gSA

eq[; :i ls Memory nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa&

1. Primary Memory ¼eq[; eseksjh½

2. Secondary Memory ¼lgk;d eseksjh½

Primary Memory

Primary memory dEI;wVj dh Main memory gksrh gSA tks vkerkSj ij ml

izdkj ds MkVk vFkok izksxzke dks LVksj djrh gSa] ftls orZeku le; esa Processing

Unit (CPU) }kjk izkslsl fd;k tk jgk gksrk gSA ;s eseksjh Volatile vkSj Non-

Volatile nksuksa rjg dh gksrh gSaA izkbejh eseksjh esa ekStwn MkVk dks CPU cgqr

rsth ls Read djrk gS] D;ksafd ;g Main Circuit Board esa CPU ds cgqr djhc

fLFkr gksrh gSA izkbejh eseksjh dks Internal Memory vkSj Primary Storage Hkh

dgk tkrk gSA ;s eseksjh vkerkSj ij Semiconductor Materials ¼lkexzh½ ls

cukbZ xbZ gksrh gS] vkSj Secondary Storage ds eqdkcys vf/kd egaxh gksrh gSA

izkbejh eseksjh ds fcuk dEI;wVj Work ugh dj ldrs gSaA

Primary Memory eq[; :i ls rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSa&

1. RAM

2. ROM

3. Cache Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM ,d gkMZos;j fMokbl gS tks dEI;wVj ds enjcksMZ ij yxh gksrh gS] vkSj

CPU dh Internal Memory ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh eq[;

eseksjh gksrh gSA ;g vLFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ blesa LVksj MkVk dEI;wVj can

gksus ij fMyhV gks tkrk gS ftldks iqu% izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g

Volatile Memory dgykrh gSA blh ls gksdj MkVk Secondary Storage Device

vkSj Processor ds ikl tkrk gSA

;g eq[; :i ls nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&

 SRAM

 DRAM

SRAM- bldk iwjk uke Static Random Access Memory gSA ;g Flip Flop

ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA ;g Auto Refresh gksrh gSA blesa ge Data dks

vf/kd le; rd j[k ldrs gSA ;g ,d eagxh Memory gksrh gSA bldh data

Accessing Speed vU; RAM dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA

DRAM- bldk iwjk uke Dynamic Random Access Memory gSA ;g eseksjh

tYnh tYnh Refresh gksrh gSA Refresh dk eryc Electronic Charge vkSj

Dischage ls gksrk gSA ;g ,d second esa gtkjksa ckj Refresh gksrh gS] vr%

bldh Speed slow gksrh gSA ;g lLrh gksrh gSA

Read Only Memory (ROM)

ROM dk iwjk uke Read Only Memory gSA ;g Computer dh Primary

Memory gksrh gSA ;g ,d Non-Volatile Memory gSA blesa Computer dks

Start djus okys izFkkfed Program ,oa Setting (BIOS) gksrh gSA ;g

Computer ds Motherboard ij LFkkbZ :Ik ls yxh jgrh gSA ;g ,d eagxh

Memory gksrh gSA ;g cktkj esa vyx ls miyC/k ugh gksrh gS] ;g

Motherboard ds LkkFk vkrh gSA

;g eq[; :i ls rhu izdkj dh gksrh gS&

 PROM

 EPROM

 EEPROM

PROM- bldk iwjk uke Programmable Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi esa

dsoy ,d ckj Program Store fd;k tk ldrk FkkA Program esa =qfV (Error)

gksus ij mlesa dksbZ lq/kkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

PROM

EPROM- bldk iwjk uke Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA

bl fpi us PROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k FkkA bl fpi esa Store Program

esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk FkkA fpi esa lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fpi dks cksMZ ls

fudky dj ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa (Ultra-violet Light ) ds lkeus j[kk tkrk FkkA

ftlls fpi esa Store Program vkSj Data dks Delete fd;k tkrk FkkA blds

ckn iqu% Program dks Store fd;k tkrk FkkA tks ,d dfBu ,oa eagxh izfØ;k

FkhA

EPROM

EEPROM- bldk iwjk uke Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory gSA bl fpi us EPROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k gSA bl fpi esa

Store Program ,oa Data esa lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fo|qr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k

FkkA blds fy;s fpi dks Motherboard ls fudkys dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh

gSA ;g ,d ljy ,oa lLrh izfdz;k gSA vktdy ds Motherboard esa blh

ROM dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

Cache Memory

;g Memory CPU vkSj Ram ds chp esa gksrh gSA ;g CPU vkSj Ram ds chp

esa ,d fczt dk dk;Z djrh gSA Cache 3 izdkj dh gksrh gSa] L1- L2- L3.

Secondary Memory

Secondary Memory dks Storage Device Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij ;g

Computer dk Hkkx ugh gksrh gS bldks Computer esa vyx ls tksM+k tkrk

gSA blesa tks Data Store fd;k tkrk gS og LFkkbZ gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ Computer

can gksus ij blesa Store Data Delete ugh gksrk gSA vko’;drk ds vuqlkj

blesa Save File ;k Folders dks Hkfo”; esa Open djds ns[k ldrs gS] ;k

blesa lq/kkj dj ldrs gSA ,oa bldks User ds }kjk Delete Hkh fd;k tk ldrk

gSA bldh Storage {kerk vf/kd gksrh gS ,oa Data dks Access djus fd xfr

Primary Memory ls /kheh gksrh gSA

Types of Secondary Storage Device-

Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape ,d LFkkbZ Secondary Storage fMokbl gSA

blesa ,d Plastic ds Tape ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic oxide) dk ysiu

jgrk gSA LkHkh Tape blh izdkj ds gksrs gS] pkgs oks Audio] Video ;k

Computer dh Storage Tape gksA blesa Store Data dks sequential access

method ds }kjk Store ,oa Access fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx Computer

esa Data ,oa mldk Backup ysus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

Magnetic Tape

Magnetic Disk vktdy Data dks Store djus ds fy;s Computers esa

Magnetic Disk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA bl Disk esa Direct access ls

Data dks Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks pqEcdh; Vsi esa LkaHko ugh gSA

Magnetic Disk-

 Hard Disk

 Floppy Disk

Hard Disk- gkMZ fMLd dk fodkl Computer esa Data dks Store djus ds

fy, fd;k x;k FkkA vktdy bldk iz;ksx Computer ls vkxs c<+dj dbZ {ks=ksa

esa gks jgk gSA tSls Digital Video Recorder] Digital Camera vkfnA pqEcdh;

fMLd esa Data dks Store djus dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA Hard Disk

,d gh /kqjh ij yxh gqbZ dbZ o`Ùkkdkj pqacdh; fMLd dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA

Floppy Disk- ¶ykWih fMLd ,d o`Ùkkdkj Disk gksrh gSA ftlds nksuksa rjQ

eSXusfVd inkFkZ p<+k gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx CD dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA blds

fy, ,d Drive dh vko’;drk gksrh gS] ftls Floppy Drive dgk tkrk gSA

Floppy Disk esa MkVk Track and sector esa Store gksrk gSA

Compact Disc (CD)- CD ;k Compact Disk fo’ks”k izdkj dh fMLd gksrh gS]

ftl ij MkVk ,d gh ckj Write fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fQj mls dbZ ckj Read

fd;k tk ldrk gSA CD dk dke igys flQZ Digital Audio Recording dks LVksj

djuk Fkk] ysfdu vc budk mi;ksx lHkh izdkj ds MkVk dks LVksj djus ds fy,

fd;k tkus yxk gSA ,d lkekU; CD yxHkx 600MB ls 700MB MkVk LVksj dj

ldrh gSA

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)- fQfyIl vkSj lksuh }kjk 1995 esa DVD Optical

Disk dk vfo”dkj fd;k x;k FkkA ,d DVD esa vf/kdre 4.7GB MsVk LVksj fd;k

tk ldrk gSA

Blu-ray Disc (BRD)- Single Layer Blu-ray Disc esa 25GB rFkk Double Layer

Blu-ray Disc esa 50GB rd Data Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Virtual Memory& opqZvy eseksjh ,d dkYifud eseksjh gS ftlesa CPU vius

funsZ’kksa dks vLFkkbZ (Temporary) rkSj ij Store djrk gSA opqZvy eseksjh Main

Memory dh Capacity dks c<+krh gSA opqZvy eseksjh dk iz;ksx rc gksrk gS]

tc fdlh Program dks pykus ds fy, Main Memory dh Capacity de iM+

tkrh gSA

Software

Software Programming Language esa fy[ks x, funsZ’kksa (Instructions) vFkok

izksxzkeksa dk lewg gksrk gSA tks gekjs Computer System esa iz;ksx gksus okys

Hardware dh dk;Z {kerk dks c<+krk gS rFkk lHkh Hardware ds chp leUo;

LFkkfir djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA Software dk eq[; mn~ns’; Data dks

Information esa ifjofrZr djuk gSA

Types of Software ¼lkW¶Vos;j ds izdkj½&

 System Software

 Application Software

Application Software

Application Software ,sls izksxzkeksa dks dgk tkrk gS] tks fdlh Specific dke

dks djus ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA bl rjg ds Software dks ilZuyh Users dh

enn ds fy, gh Develop fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Software dsoy ,d gh Specific

Task Perform dj ldrs gSaA vko’;drk vuqlkj fHkUu&fHkUu rjg ds dk;ksZa dks

iwjk djus ds fy, fHkUu&fHkUu rjg ds Software gksrs gSaA

Application Software (Based On Work)

Horizontal Software- ;s os lkW¶Vos;j gksrs gSa] ftudk mi;ksx lHkh Computer

User djrs gSaA Example- MS. Office, Photoshop, Tally etc.

Vertical Software- ;s os Software gksrs gSa] ftudks fdlh fo”ks’k laxBu ds

fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA Example- Finacle, MIBS etc.

Shareware- bu Software dks gesa iz;ksx djus ds fy, [kjhnuk iMrk gS]

ysfdu [kjhnus ls igys dqN fnuksa ds fy, gesa budk Trial version ns fn;k

tkrk gSA Example- CorelDraw etc.

Freeware- ;ss Software Free gksrs gSaA Example- VLC , Nero etc.

Open Source Software- ;ss Software vius lkFk viuk Source Code Hkh gesa

nsrs gSa] ftlls ge viuh vko’;drk ds vuqlkj mlesa cnyko dj ldrs gSaA

Example- Linux, Libreoffice, Google Chrome etc.

Commercial Software- bu Software dks ;k rks [kjhnuk iMrk gS] ;k fQj

ykblsal ysuk iMrk gSA Example- Ms. Office, Adobe Photoshop etc.

Nagware- ;s Software Shareware ds varxZr vkrss gSa] bu Software dk

tc Trial Time lekIr gksus okyk gksrk gS] rc ;s Notice nsrs gSa] fd vc vki

bl Software dks Purchase dj fyft,A Example- WinRAR etc.

System Software

;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Program dk lewg gksrk gSA System Software ds

}kjk Computer Hardware dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Computer dk

izeq[k Program gksrk gSA blds fcuk Computer dks Start ugh fd;k tk

ldrk gSA ;g Software System ds fy;s dk;Z djrs gS] blfy;s budks System

Software dgk tkrk gSA

buds }kjk fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSa&

 ;g User ,oa Hardware ds chp interface dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

 ;g Application Software dks execute djus ds fy;s Platform miYkC/k

djrs gSA

 Uk;s Hardware dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s lg;ksx iznku djrs gSA

 ;g Computer dks fu;af=r djrs gSA

System Software dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

Operating System- Operating System ,d System Software gS tks User

vkSj Hardware ds chp laokn LFkkfir djus dk dke djrk gS vkSj Application

Software dks ,d Platform Provide djrk gS lkFk esa Hardware dks Hkh

Control djus dk dke djrk gSA

Assembler- Assembler ,d System Software gSA ;g ,d translator gksrk

gSA tks assembly Language ds Program dks Machine Language esa cnyrk

gS] vkSj Machine Language dks Assembly language esa cnyrk gSA

Compiler- Compiler ,d System Software gSA ;g ,d translator gksrk

gS] tks gkbZ ysfoy Language ds izksxzke dks e’khu Language esa cnyrk gSA

vkSj blds ckn e’khu Language ds dksM dks Processing ds fy;s Hkstk tkrk

gSA Processing ds ckn tks ifj.kke vkrk gS mls ;wtj Language esa cnyk

tkrk gSA Compiler iwjs Program dks ,d LkkFk Machine Code esa cnyrk

gSA

Interpreter- Interpreter ,d System Software gSA ;g ,d translator

gksrk gS] tks gkbZ ysfoy Language ds izksxzke dks e’khu Language esa cnyrk

gSA ;g Code dks Line by Line e’khu Language esa cnyrk gS ,oa mldks ju

djds mlds ifj.kke dks rqjar Display djrk gSA ;g Compiler ls /khek gksrk

gSA ;g eseksjh esa de txg dks ?ksjrk gSA blesa dksM dks repeat djus dh

vko’;drk ugh gksrh gSA

Utility Software ¼;wfVfyVh lkW¶Vos;j½

Utility Software ,d izdkj dk System Software gSA tks dEI;wVj dks

Configure, Analyze, Optimize vkSj Maintenance djus dk dke djrs gSaA

cgqr lkjs Utility Software vkWijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk vkrs gSaA tSls& Disk

defragmenter, Disk cleanup, Windows defender, Disk management,

Resources monitor vkfnA blds vykok dqN Utility Software vius t:jr

ds vuqlkj vyx ls Hkh Install djrs gSaA tSls& Antivirus, Disk cleaner vkfnA

Open Source and Proprietary Software

 Open Source Software- vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ,d ,slk Software gS]

tks Source Code ds lkFk forfjr fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj User mlds Source

Code dks izkIr djds mlesa viuh t:jr ds vuqlkj u, Feature tksM+

ldrs gSa vkSj mls vius fglkc ls Modified dj ldrs gSaA

Example& Mozilla Firefox, Linux, Ubuntu, Word press etc.

 Proprietary Software- ekfydkuk Software ¼can L=ksr lkW¶Vos;j½ dk

eryc gS fd Software cukus okyh daiuh Software dk ekfyd gS vkSj

dksbZ Hkh ml daiuh dh vuqefr ds fcuk bls Duplicate ;k forfjr ugha

dj ldrk gSA ;fn os ekfydkuk Software dk mi;ksx djuk pkgrs gSa rks

mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks Software daiuh dks Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA

Example&Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw, Microsoft Office, Tally etc.

Mobile Apps

Mobile App (Mobile Application) ,d Software gksrk gS] ftls Mobile

Device- Smartphone, Tablet PC, iPhone, iPad vkfn ds fy, Developed fd,

tkrs gSaA

Types of Mobile Application-

 Native Apps

 Web-Based Apps

 Hybrid Apps

Native Application- bu Apps dks dsoy fdlh ,d Operating System vFkok

Device ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA tSls& iPhone ds fy, cuk, x, App dsoy

iPhone esa gh Run gks ldrs gSaA bUgs vU; Smartphone esa ugh pyk;k tk

ldrk gSA vFkkZr~& ;s vU; Devices ds fy, Compatible ¼vuqdwy½ ugh gksrs

gSaA

Web-Based Application- bu Apps dks HTML, CSS rFkk JavaScript

Technology ds bLrseky ls cuk;k tkrk gSA budk vkdkj cgqr gYdk gksrk gS]

exj budh Performance Native Apps dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA bUgs vki

Web Browser dh lgk;rk ls gh Access dj ikrs gSaA

Hybrid Application- ;s Apps ,d ls T;knk Mobile Platforms/Device ds

fy, fodflr fd, tkrs gSaA ;s Apps Web vk/kkfjr Technology dk bLrseky

djds cuk, tkrs gSa vkSj ,d gh Code dks Multi Device ds fy, Compatible

¼vuqdwy½ gksus ds fy, fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA ;kfu ,d App iPhone esa Hkh

py ldrk gS vkSj nwljs Devices esa Hkh py ldrk gSA

Example of Mobile Applications-

 Whatsapp

 Facebook

 Gmail

 Snap chat

 Instagram

 Twitter

 YouTube

 Chrome

Chapter 1- Important Questions

1. What is the difference between primary memory and secondary

memory? Briefly explain various types of primary and secondary

memory.

izkbejh eseksjh vkSj lsdsaMjh eseksjh esa D;k varj gS\ fofHkUu izdkj ds

izkbejh vkSj lsdsaMjh eseksjh fMokbl dks la{ksi esa le>kb,\

Primary memory vkSj Secondary memory esa fuEufyf[kr varj gS&

Primary memory

Secondary memory

Primary memory dEI;wVj dh

Internal memory gSA

tcfd Secondary memory ,d

External memory gSA

Primary memory lsdsaMjh eseksjh

dh rqyuk esa eagxh gksrh gSA

tcfd ;g memory lLrh gksrh

gSA

Primary memory Fast gksrh gSA

tcfd Secondary memory

Slow gksrh gSA

Primary memory vkerkSj ij

Volatile gksrh gSA

tcfd Secondary memory

Non-Volatile gksrh gSA

Primary memory dh Storage

{kerk de gksrh gSA

tcfd Secondary memory dh

Storage {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA

Random Access Memory (RAM)- RAM ,d Hardware Device gS tks

dEI;wVj ds Motherboard ij yxh gksrh gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh Primary

memory gksrh gSA ;g vLFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ blesa Store Data

dEI;wVj can gksus ij Delete gks tkrk gS ftldks iqu% izkIr ugh fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

Read Only Memory (ROM)- ROM dk iwjk uke Read Only Memory

gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh Primary Memory gksrh gSA ;g ,d Non-Volatile

eseksjh gSA blesa dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djus okys izFkkfed izksxzke ,oa Setting

(BIOS) gksrh gSA

Hard Disk- gkMZ fMLd dk fodkl dEI;wVj esa Data dks Store djus ds

fy, fd;k x;k FkkA vktdy bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj ls vkxs c<+dj dbZ

{ks=ksa esa gks jgk gSA tSls& Digital Video Recorder] Digital Camera

vkfnA Hard Disk esa MkVk dks Store djus dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh

gSA

Compact Disc (CD)- CD ;k Compact Disk fo’ks”k izdkj dh fMLd gksrh

gS] ftl ij MkVk ,d gh ckj Write fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fQj mls dbZ ckj

Read fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2. Explain the functions of Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler?

dEikbyj] baVjizsVj vkSj vlsEcyj ds dk;ksZa dks le>kb,\

Compiler- Compiler ,d System Software gSA ;g ,d translator

gksrk gS] tks gkbZ ysfoy Language ds izksxzke dks e’khu Language esa

cnyrk gSA Compiler iwjs izksxzke dks ,d LkkFk e’khu dksM esa cnyrk gSA

Interpreter- Interpreter ,d System Software gSA ;g ,d translator

gksrk gS] tks gkbZ ysfoy Language ds izksxzke dks e’khu Language esa

cnyrk gSA ;g Code dks Line by Line e’khu Language esa cnyrk gS

,oa mldks Run djds mlds ifj.kke dks rqjar Display djrk gSA ;g

Compiler ls /khek gksrk gSA

Assembler- Assembler ,d System Software gSA ;g ,d translator

gksrk gSA tks assembly Language ds izksxzke dks e’khu Language esa

cnyrk gS] vkSj e’khu Language dks Assembly language esa cnyrk

gSA

3. Draw an Internal Diagram of computer system and explain in brief

the application of various components?

dEI;wVj flLVe dk ,d vkUrfjd vkjs[k rS;kj djsa rFkk fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds

mi;ksx dh la{ksi esa O;k[;k djsa\

Computer ds izeq[k ?kVd&

Central Processing Unit (CPU)- CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit

gSA ;g Computer dk fnekx gksrk gSA lhih;w dk dke funsZ’kksa vFkok izksxzkeksa

dks Execute djuk gksrk gSA lhih;w CU, ALU vkSj MU ls feydj cuk gSA

Memory Unit- fdlh Hkh funsZ’k] lwpuk vFkok ifj.kkeksa dks Store djds j[kuk

Memory dgykrk gSA eq[; :i ls eseksjh nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa& Primary

Memory vkSj Secondary Memory.

Input Device- buiqV fMokbl os Device gksrs gSa] ftudk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa

MkVk rFkk funsZ’kksa dks Input ds :i esa nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;wVj esa

Memory Unit

CPU

Control Unit

ALU

Secondary Storage

Input Unit

Output Unit

Block Diagram of Computer

dbZ rjg ds Input Device dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA tSls& Key Board, Mouse,

Scanner, OMR, OCR, MICR, Light pen, Joystick etc.

Output Device- dEI;wVj esa vkmViqV fMokbl ,d Hardware Component gS]

ftldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj ls Output izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;wVj

ds }kjk dbZ vyx&vyx rjg dk Output tujsV gksrk gS] ftldks izkIr djus

ds fy, dbZ vyx&vyx rjg ds Output Device dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tSls& Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker etc.

4. Explain briefly System Software, Application and Utility Software?

flLVe lkW¶Vos;j] ,Iyhds’ku vkSj ;wfVfyVh lkW¶Vos;j ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa

crk,a\

System Software- System Software ds }kjk Computer Hardware dks

fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk izeq[k Program gksrk gSA blds fcuk

dEI;wVj dks Start ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA System Software dbZ izdkj ds

gksrs gSa tSls& Operating System, Interpreter, Debugger, Linker, Assembler,

Compiler etc.

Application Software- Application Software ,sls izksxzkeksa dks dgk tkrk gS]

tks fdlh Specific dke dks djus ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA bl rjg ds Software

dks ilZuyh Users dh enn ds fy, gh Develop fd;k tkrk gSA Application

Software dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA tSls& MS-Word, Adobe Photoshop, Google

Chrome, VLC etc.

Utility Software- Utility Software ,d izdkj dk System Software gSA tks

dEI;wVj dks Configure, Analyze, Optimize vkSj Maintenance djus dk dke

djrs gSaA Utility Software dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA tSls& Windows defender,

Antivirus, Disk cleaner, Disk management etc.

5. Explain the concept of Virtual memory? And describe volatile and

non-volatile memory?

opqZvy eseksjh dh vo/kkj.kk dks le>kb,\ vkSj oksysVkby vkSj

ukWu&oksysVkby eseksjh dk o.kZu djsa\

Virtual Memory ,d dkYifud eseksjh gS ftlesa CPU vius funsZ’kksa dks vLFkkbZ

(Temporary) rkSj ij Store djrk gSA opqZvy eseksjh Main Memory dh

Capacity dks c<+krh gSA opqZvy eseksjh dk iz;ksx rc gksrk gS] tc fdlh

Program dks pykus ds fy, Main Memory dh Capacity de iM+ tkrh gSA

Volatile Memory- Volatile Memory dks ge Temporary Memory ds uke

ls Hkh tkurs gSa] ftlesa Data dks Store djus ds fy, Power supply dk gksuk

t:jh gksrk gSA vxj Volatile Memory dks Power supply u feys rks mlesa

MkVk dks Store ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls& RAM ,d Volatile Memory gSA

vkSj tc rd dEI;wVj On jgrk gS] rc rd RAM esa MkVk LVksj jgrk gS] ysfdu

tSls gh dEI;wVj dks Shut down djsaxs RAM esa ls lkjk MkVk Erase gks tk;sxkA

Non-Volatile Memory- Non-Volatile Memory oks eseksjh gksrh gS] ftuesa

Power supply u gksus ij Hkh Data Erase ugh gksrk gSA bl eseksjh dks

Permanent memory Hkh dgrs gSaA Non-Volatile Memory esa tks MkVk jgrk

gS oks Permanent jgrk gS] tc rd dh ge ml MkVk dks [kqn ls Delete u

djsaA tSls& Hard Disk ,d Non-Volatile Memory gSA vxj ge Hard Disk esa

fdlh Hkh MkVk dks Store djsa vkSj fQj dEI;wVj dks Shut down dj nsa] rc Hkh

gekjk MkVk gkMZ fMLd esa Save jgsxk vkSj fQj dEI;wVj Start djus ij ge ml

Data dks gkMZ fMLd ls Read/Write dj ldrs gSaA

Chapter 2- Introduction to Operating System

Operating System fdlh Hkh Computer dk ,d vge~ Hkkx gksrk gS] tks

Computer esa Software ds :i esa Store jgrk gSA Operating System

Computer ds lHkh Hkkxksa tSls& Memory, Input, Output rFkk Computer ls

tqM+s lHkh Hardware Components dks fu;af=r djrk gSA Operating System

,d System Software gksrk gSA

Main Functions of Operating System-

 Processing Management- Operating System Computer esa py jgs

lHkh Programs ;k Processes dh fLFkfr ij utj j[krk gS vkSj mudh

vko’;drk ds vuqlkj lk/ku miyC/k djkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA Operating

System viuh Policy ¼uhfr½ ds vuqlkj ;g Hkh r; djrk gS fd dkSu

lk lk/ku fdl Process dks fdrus le; ds fy, miyC/k djk;k tk;s

vkSj dc lk/ku ml Process ls okil ys fy;k tk;s] rkfd lHkh Process

viuh Preference ¼ojh;rk½ ds vuqlkj mfpr izdkj ls lapkfyr gksrs jgsA

Operating System ds bl dk;Z dks Processing Management dgk tkrk

gSA

 Memory Management- Operating system Primary memory dks

Manage djrk gSA ;g Main memory ds izR;sd Location dk Record

j[krk gS fd dkSu lh Location [kkyh gS] ;k fdldks fdruh Memory

dh vko’;drk gSA

 Input Output Device Management- ,d Operating system vius

lEcfU/kr Drivers ds ek/;e ls Device lapkj dk izcU/ku djrk gSA ;g

r; djrk gS fd fdl izfØ;k dks Input/output Device dc vkSj fdrus

le; ds fy, iz;ksx esa nsuk gSA

 File Management- ,d File System dks dq’ky ;k vklku Navigation]

vkSj mi;ksx ds fy, Directory esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d Operating

System bl ckr ij utj j[krk gS fd tkudkjh dgk¡ Store gSA

 Protection and Security- Operating system User ds Data vkSj vU;

tkudkjh dh lqj{kk ds fy, Password lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA ;g

Program vkSj User Data rd vuf/kd`r igq¡p dks Hkh jksdrk gSA

Popular Operating System- Windows, Android, Macintosh, Unix, Linux.

Windows Developed By Microsoft Corporation.

Types of Operating System (Based On Technology)-

 Single User Operating System (CUI Based)- tks Operating System

,d ckj esa Computer ij ,d gh User dks dk;Z djus dh vuqefr nsrk

gS] mls Single User Operating System dgk tkrk gSA Example-

MS.Dos, Windows Etc.

 Multiuser Operating System (GUI Based)- ,d Multiuser Operating

System, ,d gh Computer ij dbZ Users dks ,d lkFk dk;Z djus dh

lqfo/kk nsrk gSA izR;sd User dks Computer ls tqM+k ,d Terminal ns

fn;k tkrk gSA Example- Unix, Linux Etc.

 Single Tasking Operating System- tks Operating System ,d ckj esa

,d Single Task gh Execute dj ldrk gS ¼,d le; esa ,d gh dke

dj ikuk½] mls Single Task Operating System dgk tkrk gSA Example-

MS.Dos.

 Multi Tasking Operating System- tks Operating System ,d ckj esa

dbZ Task Execute dj ldrk gS] mls Multitasking Operating System

dgk tkrk gSA vktdy ds Operating System Multitasking Operating

System gSA Example- Windows, Unix, Linux Etc.

 Real Time Operating System- Real Time Operating System dk

mi;ksx okLrfod le; Application ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] bldk mi;ksx

mu vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, gksrk gS tgk¡ Data Processing dk le; fuf’pr

vkSj NksVh ek=k esa gksrk gSA

Operating Systems for Desktop and Laptop

vkerkSj ij Desktop vkSj Laptop esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys Operating System

Windows 10, Apple, Mac OS gSA Desktop vkSj Laptop esa lcls T;knk iz;ksx

fd;k tkus okyk Operating System Microsoft Company }kjk cuk;k x;k

Windows Operating System gSA ftldk iz;ksx vkerkSj ij Laptop rFkk

Desktop esa fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs Number ij iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk Operating

System Apple Company }kjk Develop fd;k x;k Mac OS gS] ftldk iz;ksx

Apple Company }kjk fodflr fd, x, Desktop rFkk Laptop esa fd;k tkrk

gSA Linux Hkh ,d yksdfiz; Operating System gS] ftldk mi;ksx Laptop rFkk

Desktop esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldh ,d [kkl fo’ks”krk gS fd ;g ,d Open

Source Operating System gS] tks fd foYdqy Free gSA Linux Operating

System ds fofHkUu Version miyC/k gSa] tks dkQh yksdfiz; Hkh gSaA orZeku esa

Desktop rFkk Laptop esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys Operating System GUI

(Graphical User Interface) ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftuesa Windows Operating

System lcls yksdfiz; gSA

Operating Systems for Mobile Phones and Tablet

tSls Linux ;k Windows Operating System vkids Desktop ;k Laptop

Computer dks Control djrs gSa] mlh rjg ,d Mobile ;k Tablet Operating

System Mobile Phone o Tablet dks fu;af=r djrk gSA ,d Mobile Operating

Mobile ij pyus okys lHkh Applications dks pykrk o mUgs Control djrk gS]

tSls& User }kjk fn, tkus okys Input, Output, Email, Text messaging etc.

Some Important Mobile and Tablet Operating system-

 Android Operating System

 IOS Operating System

 BlackBerry Operating System

 Kai Operating System

User Interface for Desktop and Laptop

User Interface nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

 CUI (Character User Interface)

CUI Interface esa User }kjk Computer dks fn, tkus okys lHkh

Instructions fpUgksa ;k ‘kCnksa ds :i esa Type djds fn, tkrs gSaA

Example- MS-DOS, UNIX

 GUI (Graphical User Interface)

GUI Interface esa User }kjk Computer dks fn, tkus okys lHkh

Instructions Display Screen ij cus gq, fo’ks”k fpUg ;k LFkku ij Click

djds fn, tkrs gSaA Example- Windows Operating System

Desktop

Desktop ,d Computer dk Primary User Interface gSA tc vki vius

Computer dks Boot djrs gSa] rks Startup Process iwjh gksus ds ckn Desktop

Display gksrk gSA blesa Desktop background, Wallpaper vkSj vkids }kjk

Save dh xbZ Files vkSj Folders ds icon gksrs gSaA

Start Button

Cortana

Task View

File Explorer

Task Bar

Notification Area

Start Button- ;g Window dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gS tks gesa Taskbar esa Left

Hand dh vksj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Start Button dks Press djus ls dqN Menu

List Open gksrh gS] ftls ge Start Menu dgrs gSaA budh cukoV Window

Version vkSj Manufacturers ds }kjk vyx&vyx gks ldrh gSaA

Cortana- Cortana Microsoft dk Virtual Digital Assistant gS] tks fd

Windows Laptop, PC, Phone vkSj Tablets esa gksrk gSA Virtual Assistant dk

eryc gS fd ftlls ge cksy dj dke djok ldrs gSaA

Task View- Windows 10 ds lkFk Involved ¼’kkfey½ fd;k x;k] Task View

,d Multitasking Feature gS tks vkidks dbZ Virtual Desktop ij vius Open

App Window dks Access djus vkSj Organize djus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gS] lkFk

gh vkidks vius Microsoft Account ls Connect fdlh Hkh Device ij ‘kq:

dh xbZ fiNyh Activities dks tYnh ls fQj ls ‘kq: djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA

Action Center- Action Center ,d vf/klwpuk dsanz gS ftlds enn ls ge vius

Computer esa dbZ izdkj ds gks jgs leL;kvksa dks Find dj ldrs gSA Computer

ds varxZr gksus okyh leL;kvksa dks Notification ds tfj;s Taskbar esa Indicate

djrk jgrk gSA

Task Bar

Task Bar Desktop ij lcls uhps dh iV~Vh dks dgk tkrk gSA tc vki dksbZ

Application ;k Program Open djrs gSa rks og Task bar ij fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA

bl rjg vki Task bar dks ns[kdj irk yxk ldrs gSa fd Present Time esa

vkids Computer ij fdrus vkSj dkSu&dkSu ls Application Run gks jgs gSaA

Task bar gesa lHkh py jgs Programs ij Immediately igq¡pusa dh lqfo/kk iznku

djrk gSA Task bar ij Left Side esa Start Menu vkSj Right Side esa

Notification Area gksrk gSA

Task Bar

Icons and Shortcuts

Icon ,d izdkj dk Graphics Object gS] tks vkids Computer esa fdlh Hkh

File/Folder ;k Program dks n’kkZrk gSA Icon fofHkUu izdkj ds gksrs gS& System

Icon, Shortcut Icon, Program Icon.

System Icon- Computer esa tc ge dksbZ Operating System Install djrs gSa]

rc mlds lkFk dqN Icons by Default vkrs gSaA ;s Icons gekjh Desktop Screen

ij ns[ks tk ldrs gSa tSls& My Computer, My Documents, Recycle bin,

Control Panel etc.

System Icon

Shortcut Icon- ,d Shortcut lEcaf/kr Program, Folder, Files dh Link gksrh

gS] ftl ij Double Click djds lEcaf/kr Item dks Run fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Shortcut Icon dks Delete djus ij flQZ Icon gh Delete gksrk gS] Actual Item

Delete ugh gksrk gSA Shortcut Icon dks Actual File ls Arrow ds fpUg }kjk

vyx fd;k tkrk gSA Shortcut Icon dk File Extension .Ink gksrk gSA

Program Icon- ;g Icon fdlh Application Program ;k mlesa cuh File dks

n’kkZrk gS] ftl ij Click djds Program ;k lEcaf/kr File dks [kksyk tk ldrk

gSA Program Icon ;k Program File ij lEcaf/kr Logo vkSj Program ;k File

dk uke Hkh Show gksrk gSA blls fdlh Hkh Program ;k mlesa cuh File dks

vklkuh ls igpkuk tk ldrk gSA

Program Icons

Running an Application

fdlh Program dks Open djus ds fy, mlis Double Click djsaxs ;k fQj mlis

Right Click djds mls Open dj ldrs gSaA

Close Apps

fdlh Program dks Close djus ds fy, Close Button ij Click djsaxs] ;k

Keyboard ls Alt + F4 Button dks Press djsaxsA

Operating System Simple Setting

Windows Operating System esa System Setting dks cnyus ds fy, Control

Panel dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA Control Panel ds vanj Hardware vkSj

Software ls lEcaf/kr lHkh izdkj dh Setting ds Option miyC/k gksrs gSa] ftudk

iz;ksx djds System dh Setting dks vius vuqdwy cnyk tk ldrk gSA

Using Mouse and Changing its Properties

vki vius Mouse dks viuh lqfo/kk vuqlkj mldh Setting esa cnyko djds

mldk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA Mouse dh Setting dks cnyus ds fy, Control

Panel esa Mouse Icon ij Double Click djds Mouse Setting Dialog box dks

Open dj ldrs gSaA Mouse Dialog box esa dbZ Option miyC/k gksrs gSa ftudk

mi;ksx Mouse dh Setting dks cnyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& Buttons,

Pointers, Pointer Options etc.

Mouse Dialog Box

Changing System Date and time

vius System dh Date vkSj Time cnyus ds fy, vki Screen ds uhps Task

Bar ds Right Side esa Date and Time ij Right Click djsa] vkSj fQj Adjust

Date/Time ij Click djsaA

Changing Display Properties

vius System dh Display Properties dks Change djus ds fy, Desktop ij

Right Click djsa] vkSj fQj Display Setting ij Click djsaA

To Add or Remove Program and Features

Microsoft Windows Operating System esa Add ;k Remove Programs ,d

,slh lqfo/kk gS] tks Users dks vius Computer ij Install fd, x, Software

dks Uninstall vkSj Mange djus dh lqfo/kk feyrh gSA Windows 10 esa Add

;k Remove Programs dks Open djus ds fy, Control Panel esa tk;saxs] fQj

Programs and Features ij Click djsaxsA bldh Help ls vki Program dks

Manage ;k Uninstall dj ldrs gSaA

Adding, Removing and Sharing Printers

Adding Printers- Computer esa Printer dks Add djus ds fy, Control Panel

esa Devices and Printers ij Click djsaxs] vkSj fQj Åij fn, x, Option esa

Add Printer ij Click djds Printer dks Add dj ldrs gSaA

Remove Printer- Computer esa igys ls Install Printer dks Remove djus ds

fy, Printer dks Select djsa] vkSj fQj Remove Device ij Click djsaA Printer

gVkus dh Confirmation ds fy, Yes ij Click djsaA

File and Folder Management

,d File computer ij ,d Object gS] tks Data, Information ;k Commands

dks Store djrh gS] tks Computer Program }kjk mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA Files

esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh Information gks ldrh gSA tSls& Document, Image,

Video, Audio ;k fdlh vU; Format esa dksbZ Data. Qkby dk uke vkSj

Extension dks ,d Dot ¼.½ Symbol ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA File Extension

n’kkZrk gS fd ;g fdl izdkj dh File gSA

Example- Microsoft Word 2013 dk File Extension .docx gSA

Types of File Extensions

Web Document File-

 .html

 .css

 .js

 .php

Image File-

 .bmp

 .jpeg/.jpg

 .png

 .gif

Audio File-

 .mp3

 .mpa

 .mid/.midi

 .wav

Chapter 2- Important Questions

1. What is an Operating System? Explain the Functions of Operating

Systems.

,d vkWijsfVax flLVe D;k gS\ vkWijsfVax flLVe ds QaD’ku dh C;k[;k

dhft,\

Operating System ,d System Software gS] tks User vkSj Hardware

ds chp laokn LFkkfir djus dk dke djrk vkSj Application Software

dks ,d Platform Provide djrk gS lkFk esa Hardware dks Hkh Control

djus dk dke djrk gSA

Main Functions of Operating System-

 Processing Management- Operating System Computer esa py jgs

lHkh Programs ;k Processes dh fLFkfr ij utj j[krk gS vkSj mudh

vko’;drk ds vuqlkj lk/ku miyC/k djkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA Operating

System ds bl dk;Z dks Processing Management dgk tkrk gSA

 Memory Management- Operating system Primary memory dks

Manage djrk gSA ;g Main memory ds izR;sd Location dk Record

j[krk gS fd dkSu lh Location [kkyh gS] ;k fdldks fdruh Memory

dh vko’;drk gSA

Video File-

 .mp4

 .wmv

 .m4v

 .vob

Executable File-

 .bat

 .bin

 .apk

 .com

Text File-

 .doc/.docx

 .pdf

 .txt

 .odt

 Input Output Device Management- ,d Operating system vius

lEcfU/kr Drivers ds ek/;e ls Device lapkj dk izcU/ku djrk gSA ;g

r; djrk gS fd fdl izfØ;k dks Input/output Device dc vkSj fdrus

le; ds fy, iz;ksx esa nsuk gSA

 File Management- ,d File System dks dq’ky ;k vklku Navigation]

vkSj mi;ksx ds fy, Directory esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d Operating

System bl ckr ij utj j[krk gS fd tkudkjh dgk¡ Store gSA

 Protection and Security- Operating system User ds Data vkSj vU;

tkudkjh dh lqj{kk ds fy, Password lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA ;g

Program vkSj User Data rd vuf/kd`r (Unauthorized) igq¡p dks Hkh

jksdrk gSA

2. What is Ubuntu Operating System? What are the Difference

between Ubuntu and Windows Operating System?

mcaVw vkWijsfVax flLVe D;k gS\ mcaVw vkSj foaMkst vkWijsfVax flLVe esa D;k

vUrj gS\

Ubuntu ,d Linux vk/kkfjr Operating System gS] ftldk mi;ksx

Personal Computer, Smart Phone rFkk Server ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

;g ,d Open Source Operating System gSA

Difference Between Ubuntu and Windows Operating System-

Ubuntu Operating System

Windows Operating System

Ubuntu ,d Linux Based

Operating System gSA

tcfd Windows ,d DOS Based

Operating System gSA

Ubuntu Server ds fy, lcls

Popular Operating System gSA

tcfd Windows Server ds fy,

miyC/k ugh gSA

Ubuntu Open-source Operating

System gSA

tcfd Windows ,d Closed-

source Operating System gSA

Ubuntu Operating System Free

gSA

tcfd Windows ds fy, vkidks iSls

nsus iM+rs gSaA

Ubuntu dks Windows Operating

System ds eqdkcys bLrseky djuk

FkksM+k dfBu gSA

tcfd Windows Operating

System dks bLrseky djuk cgqr gh

vklku gSA

3. Explain following terms in the context of Linux operating system?

(i) Kernel (ii) System Library (iii) Shell

fyuDl vkWijsfVax flLVe ds lUnHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr ‘kCnksa dh O;k[;kk djsa\

(i) dusZy (ii) flLVe ykbczsjh (iii) ‘ksy

Kernel- Kernel Operating System dk Core Component gksrk gS] tks

fd Hardware ds lkFk Directly interact djrk gSA blds lkFk gh ;s

Upper layer components dks Low-level service iznku djrk gSA

System Library- System Libraries mu Special Functions ;k Programs

dks dgk tkrk gS] ftUgs bLrseky dj Application programs ;k System

Utility Kernel ds Features dks Access djrh gSaA ;s Libraries operating

system ds izk;% lHkh Functionalities dks Implement djrh gS] vkSj mUgsa

,slk djus ds fy, Kernel module’s code access rights dh Hkh t:jr

ugh iM+rh gSA

Shell- Shell Kernel dk ,d Interface gksrk gS] tks fd Kernel ds

Functions dh Complexity dks Users ls Hide djrk gSA ;s Shell users

ls Commands ysrs gSa vkSj Kernel’s Function dks Execute djrs gSaA

4. What do you mean by type of file extension? Qkby ,DlVsa’ku ds

izdkj ls vkidk D;k rkRi;Z gS\

File Extension ,d Identifier gS] tks File name ds End esa ,d Suffix

¼izR;;½ ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA File dk uke vkSj Extension

dks ,d Dot ¼.½ Symbol ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA File Extension n’kkZrk

gS fd ;g fdl izdkj dh File gSA

Example- .bmp Image file extension

.mp3 Audio file extension

.mp4 Video file extension

.text Text file extension

.docx MS Word file extension

5. Describe the user interface for Desktop and Laptop? MsLdVkWi vkSj

ySiVkWi ds fy, ;wtj baVjQsl\

Desktop and Laptop user interface eq[; :i ls nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

 CUI (Character User Interface)

CUI Interface esa User }kjk Computer dks fn, tkus okys lHkh

Instructions fpUgksa ;k ‘kCnksa ds :i esa Type djds fn, tkrs gSaA

Example- MS-DOS, UNIX

 GUI (Graphical User Interface)

GUI Interface esa User }kjk Computer dks fn, tkus okys lHkh

Instructions Display Screen ij cus gq, fo’ks”k fpUg ;k LFkku ij Click

djds fn, tkrs gSaA Example- Windows Operating System.

Chapter 3- Word Processing

Word Processing Software ,d Application Software gSA ftlesa ;g User

dks Text Type vkSj Edit djus ;k Text Manipulate djus ds fy, Help djrk

gSA bldk eq[; :i ls Office esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Word Processing dh fuEufyf[kr fo’ks”krk,¡ gSa&

 Type fd, x, Text esa vklkuh ls cnyko yk;k tk ldrk gSA

 Document esa Spelling dh xyfr;ksa dks Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 Word vkSj Sentence dks ljyrk ls Add, Remove vkSj Replace fd;k

tk ldrk gSA

 Paragraph ;k Text dks ,d Location ¼LFkku½ ls nwljs Location ij Cut

vkSj Paste Option dh Help ls Move dj ldrs gSaA

 Word Processing Software esa Mail-Merge ,d mi;ksxh Tool gS] tks

vkidks List, Database, vkSj Spreadsheet esa Store tkudkjh dk mi;ksx

djds Multiple letters, Labels, Envelopes, Name Tags vkfn cukus dh

vuqefr nsrk gSA

Introduction to LibreOffice

LibreOffice ,d Open Source Software gSA bls LibreOffice Foundation

}kjk Develop fd;k x;k gSA ;g Software Microsoft Office dh gh rjg ,d

Office Suit gS] ftlesa Word Processing, Spreadsheet, Presentation,

Database Management vkSj Graphics Editing tSls Application gSA ;g

Software lHkh Platform ij Compatible gS tSls& Microsoft Windows,

MacOS, vkSj Linux vkfnA

Components of LibreOffice-

 LibreOffice Writer

 LibreOffice Calc

 LibreOffice Impress

 LibreOffice Base

 LibreOffice Draw

 LibreOffice Math

LibreOffice esa Three Application Main gksrs gSa&

1. LibreOffice Writer- ;g Microsoft Word ds leku dk;Z djrk gSA

2. LibreOffice Calc- ;g Microsoft Excel ds leku dk;Z djrk gSA

3. LibreOffice Impress- ;g Microsoft PowerPoint ds leku dk;Z djrk

gSA

What is LibreOffice Writer

LibreOffice Writer Hkh Microsoft Word dh rjg gh ,d Word Processing

Program gS] ftldk iz;ksx Document dks Create vkSj Modify djus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA LibreOffice Writer esa vki fdlh izdkj ds Resume, Latter,

;k Documents dks cM+h vklkuh ls rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA blesa vyx&vyx

izdkj ds Styles, Formatting, Tables bR;kfn cM+h ljyrk ls cuk, tk ldrs

gSaSA

Opening Word Processing Package

LibreOffice dks mlh rjg ls Open djrs gSa] ftl rjg ls vki vius Computer

ij dksbZ vU; Program Open djrs gSaA

Windows Operating System esa vkids Computer ds Start Menu esa

LibreOffice vkSj izR;sd LibreOffice Components ds fy, ,d Menu fn[kkbZ

nsrk gS mlesa LibreOffice Writer ij Click djds mls Open dj ldrs gSaA

;k fQj tc Hkh LibreOffice dks Open fd;k tkrk gS rks gesa ,d lkFk 6

Programs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa ftlesa lcls igys Writer Document gksrk gS] ml

ij Click djds mls Open dj ldrs gSaA

Main Window of LibreOffice

Shortcut Keys For LibreOffice Writer

Ctrl+N

New

Ctrl+A

Select All

Ctrl+L

Align Left

Ctrl+R

Align Right

Ctrl+J

Justify

Ctrl+D

Double Underline

Ctrl+E

Center Align

Ctrl+H

Find & Replace

Ctrl+Shift+P

Superscript

10.

Ctrl+Shift+B

Subscript

11.

Ctrl+S

Save

12.

Ctrl+Shift+S

Save as

13.

Ctrl+Z

Undo

14.

Ctrl+Y

Redo

15.

Ctrl+1, Ctrl+2…. Etc

Heading Style

16.

Ctrl+Enter

Page Break

17.

Ctrl+Left Arrow

Go to beginning of word

18.

Home

Go to beginning of Line

19.

End

Go to End of Line

20.

Ctrl+Home

Go to Start of Document

21.

Ctrl+End

Go to End of Document

22.

Ctrl+Backspace

Delete whole word

23.

Formula Bar

24.

Complete Auto text

25.

Check Spelling

26.

Ctrl+F7

Thesaurus

28.

Shift+F11

Create Style

29.

F12

Insert Number

30.

Ctrl+F12

Insert Table

31.

Shift+F12

Insert Bullets

32.

Ctrl+P

Print Document

33.

Ctrl+Shift+O

Print Preview

34.

Ctrl+W

Close Writer

35.

Ctrl+Q

Close LibreOffice

36.

Ctrl+Shift+V

Paste Special

37.

Ctrl+Shift+C

Track Change Record

38.

Ctrl+Shift+R

Rulers On/Off

39.

Ctrl+F5

Sidebar (Show/Hide)

40.

F11

Show Style

41.

Ctrl+Shift+F4

Data Source

42.

Ctrl+Shift+J

Full Screen

43.

Ctrl+Alt+C

Comment

44.

Ctrl+K

Hyperlink

45.

Ctrl+]

Increase Text Size

46.

Ctrl+[

Decrease Text Size

47.

Shift+F3

Cycle Case

48.

Ctrl+M

Clear Formatting

Shift+F7

Automatic Spell Checking

50.

Alt+F12

Options

51.

Help

52.

Ctrl+O

Open

Chapter 3- Important Questions

1. How to turn off and activate automatic spelling checking and

automatic grammar checking in LibreOffice programs?

fyczsvkWfQl izksxzkEl esa vkWVksesfVd Lisfyax psfdax vkSj vkWVksesfVd xzkej

psfdax dks dSls can vkSj lfØ; djrs gSa\

LibreOffice Programs esa Automatic Spelling Checking vkSj

Automatic Grammar Checking Options dk Use cuk, x, Document

esa Spelling and Grammar dks Check djus rFkk mUgs Bhd djus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA bl Option dks Off vkSj Activate djus ds fy, Tools

menu esa Automatic Spell Checking Option ij Click djsaxs] ;k

Keyboard ls Shift+F7 Button Press djsaxs rks ;g Option Activate gks

tk;sxk] vkSj vxj ;g Option igys ls Activate gS rks Off gks tk;sxkA

2. Write steps to add watermark in LibreOffice writer?

fyczsvkWfQl jkbVj esa okWVjekdZ ‘kkfey djus ds fy, LVsIl fy[ksa\

Page esa Watermark Set djus ds fy, Format menu esa Watermark

Option ij Click djsaxs] rks ,d Dialog Box Open gksxkA fQj mlesa vkidks

tks Hkh Text fy[kuk gS oks Type djsaxs] vkSj mldk Font, Angle,

Transparency, vkSj Color Set dj ysaxs vkSj fQj Ok dj nsaxsA Page esa

Watermark Set gks tk;sxkA

3. List and Explain any five features of word processor?

oMZ izkslslj dh dksbZ ik¡p fo’ks”krk,¡ crk,a vkSj mudh O;k[;k djsa\

Word Processor dh ik¡p fo’ks”krk,¡ fuEu gSa

 Editing Text

 word Wrap

 Search and Replace

 Copy and Cut

 Headers and Footers

Editing Text- Word processing ds le; ge dksbZ Typing djrs gSa] rks

Text esa gqbZ xyfr;ksa dks lq/kkjus ds fy, bl Option dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

Word Wrap- bl Option dk mi;ksx djds ge Computer esa fy[ks x,

Line dks Automatic Arrange dj ldrs gSaA

Search and Replace- Search and Replace Option dk Use ge Word

Processing esa fdlh Specifier word dks Search djus ds fy, vkSj mls

Replace djus ds fy, djrs gSaA

Copy and Cut- bl Option dk Use ge Word Processing esa fdlh Hkh

Word ;k Text Line dks Duplicate djus ds fy,] ;k fdlh Word dks ,d

LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Move djus ds fy, djrs gSaA

Headers and Footers- Word Processing esa fdlh Hkh Page esa ge

bldh Help ls Header and Footer dks Create dj ldrs gSaA ;g

Document esa gj Page ds Top vkSj Bottom esa Automatically fn[kkbZ

nsrk gSA

4. What is LibreOffice Writer? What are the difference between

LibreOffice and Microsoft Office?

fyczs vkWfQl jkbVj D;k gS\ fyczs vkWfQl vkSj ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl esa D;k

varj gS\

LibreOffice Writer Hkh Microsoft Word dh rjg gh ,d Word

Processing Program gS] ftldk iz;ksx Document dks Create vkSj

Modify djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Difference Between LibreOffice and Microsoft Office-

LibreOffice

Microsoft Office

LibreOffice ,d Free vkSj Open-

Source Application Software gSA

tcfd Microsoft Office dks [kjhnuk

iM+rk gSA

LibreOffice lHkh izdkj ds

Operating System esa dke djrk

gSA

tcfd Microsoft Office flQZ

Windows vkSj Apple Operating

System esa gh dke djrk gSA

Microsoft Office esa MS Word,

Excel, PPT dks [kksyus ds fy,

vyx&vyx Application fn, x,

gSaA

tcfd LibreOffice esa ,d gh

Program ls lHkh Application tSls&

LibreOffice Writer, Calc rFkk

Presentation dks Run djk ldrs

gSaA

LibreOffice dk Application Size

cgqr NksVk gksrk gS] ftls vki vklkuh

ls Download dj ldrs gSaA

tcfd Microsoft Office

Application dk Size cgqr cM+k gksrk

gS] ftls vki vklkuh ls Download

ugh dj ldrsA ;k fQj bls [kjhnuk

iM+rk gSA

LibreOffice vkids Computer dh

RAM vkSj Processor de gksus ij

Hkh ;g cgqr vPNs ls dke djrk gSA

tcfd Microsoft Office vkids

Computer dh RAM vkSj

Processor de gksus ij vPNs ls

dke ugh djrk gSA

5. Explain Footnote and Endnote in LibreOffice? fyczs vkWfQl jkbVj esa

QqVuksV vkSj ,aMuksV dh O;k[;k djsa\

LibreOffice Writer Document esa fdlh Specific Word dks Define djus

ds fy, Footnote vkSj Endnote dk Use fd;k tkrk gSA LibreOffice

Writer esa Footnote vkSj Endnote dks Insert djus ds fy, Insert menu

esa Footnote and Endnote Option esa tkdj Footnote ;k Endnote ij

Click djsaxsA

Footnote- Footnote mlh page ds End esa Insert gksrk gSA

Endnote- Endnote Document ds lcls Last esa ,d u, page ds lkFk

esa Insert gksrk gSA

Chapter 4- Spreadsheet

Spreadsheet ,d Application Software gSA ftldk mi;ksx Tabular form esa

Data dks Manage, Analyze vkSj Store djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ftl ij

vki Easily vkSj Effectively ¼izHkkoh <ax ls½ Calculation dj ldrs gSaA blesa

Cell, Rows vkSj Columns dk Combination gksrk gS] vkSj bldk mi;ksx

Numbers, Text vkSj Formula / Functions dks fy[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Spreadsheet dk mi;ksx Numerical Calculation vkSj Chart cukus ds fy, Hkh

fd;k tkrk gSA

What is LibreOffice Calc

LibreOffice Calc Hkh Microsoft Office esa Excel dh rjg gh ,d Spreadsheet

Program gSA ftldk iz;ksx Data dks Calculate, Analyze vkSj Manage djus

ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA LibreOffice Calc esa Maximum 32000 Sheet gksrh gSa]

vkSj ,d Worksheet ds vUnj Maximum 1048576 Row vkSj 1024 Columns

gksrs gSa] ftlesa igyk Column (A) rFkk vkf[kjh Column (AMJ) gksrk gSA vkSj

bldk Extension Name .ods gksrk gSA

Element of Spreadsheet Program-

 Workbook

 Worksheet

 Row

 Column

 Cell

 Formula

 Functions

Shortcut Keys For LibreOffice Calc

Ctrl+N

New Sheet

Ctrl+Shift+N

Manage Templates

Ctrl+O

Open

Shift+F11

Save as Template

Ctrl+S

Save

Ctrl+Shift+S

Save As

Ctrl+Enter

Next Line

Ctrl+Shift+O

Print Preview

Ctrl+Q

Exit LibreOffice

10.

Ctrl+X

Cut

11.

Ctrl+C

Copy

12.

Ctrl+V

Past

13.

Ctrl+Z

Undo

14.

Ctrl+Y

Redo

15.

Ctrl+Shift+Y

Repeat

16.

Ctrl+Shift+V

Paste Special

17.

Ctrl+Shift+Space Bar

Select All

18.

Ctrl+Page Down

Go to Next Sheet

19.

Ctrl+Tab

Go to Next Sheet

20.

Ctrl+Page Up

Go to Previous Sheet

21.

Ctrl+Shift+Tab

Go to Previous Sheet

22.

Shift+Space Bar

Select Row

23.

Ctrl+Space Bar

Select Column

24.

Edit Cell

25.

Ctrl+H

Find & Replace

26.

Ctrl+F5

Show / Hide Sidebar

27.

F11

Show / Hide Manage Style

28.

Open Navigator

29.

Ctrl+Shift+J

Full Screen

30.

Ctrl+F2

Insert Function

31.

Ctrl+Alt+C

Comments

32.

Ctrl+K

Hyperlink

33.

Ctrl+;

Date

34.

Ctrl+Shift+;

Time

35.

Ctrl+Shift+P

Superscript

36.

Ctrl+Shift+B

Subscript

37.

Shift+F3

Cycle Case

38.

Ctrl+Shift+6

General Format

39.

Ctrl+Shift+1

Number Format

40.

Ctrl+Shift+5

Percent Format

41.

Ctrl+Shift+4

Currency Format

42.

Ctrl+Shift+3

Date Format

43.

Ctrl+M

Clear Formatting

44.

Ctrl+1

Cell Formatting

45.

Ctrl++

Insert Cell

46.

Ctrl+-

Delete Cell

47.

Ctrl+D

Cell Data Copy to Down Cell

48.

Ctrl+F3

Manage Names

49.

Tab

Go to Next Cell

50.

Shift+Tab

Go to Previous Cell

51.

F12

Group Cell

52.

Ctrl+12

Ungroup

53.

Shift+F7

Automatic Spelling Check

54.

Alt+F12

Open Options

Chapter 4- Important Questions

1. Explain LibreOffice Calc Spreadsheet with his Elements?

vius ,yhesaV ds lkFk fyczsvkWfQl dSYd LizsM’khV dh O;k[;k djsa\

LibreOffice Calc Hkh Microsoft Office esa Excel dh rjg gh ,d

Spreadsheet Program gSA ftldk iz;ksx Data dks Calculate, Analyze

vkSj Manage djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA LibreOffice Calc esa ,d

Worksheet ds vUnj Maximum 1048576 Row vkSj 1024 Columns gksrs

gSaA bldk Extension Name .ods gksrk gSA

Element of Spreadsheet Program-

 Workbook

 Worksheet

 Row

 Column

 Cell

 Formula

 Functions

2. Define cell referencing? Different types of cell referencing Explain

with example ? lsy jsQjsaflax dks ifjHkkf”kr djsa\ lsy jsQjsaflax ds

fofHkUu izdkjksa dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,\

tc vki Cell Address dks Excel ds fdlh Function esa iz;ksx djrs gS]

rc ml Cell Address dks ml Function dk Cell Reference dgk tkrk

gSA tSls& =SUM(A1:C10)

Excel esa Cell Reference rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

 Absolute Cell Reference- bl izdkj ds Cell Reference esa

Column Name rFkk Row Number nksuksa ds igys Dollar Sign ($)

dk Use fd;k tkrk gSA Example- ($A$2:$B$2)

 Relative Cell Reference- bl izdkj ds Cell Reference esa Dollar

Sign ($) dk iz;ksx ugh fd;k tkrk gSA

Example- (C1:C10)

 Mixed Cell Reference- bl izdkj ds Cell Reference esa ;k rks

Column ;k Row nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d ds lkFk Dollar Sign ($) dk

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Example- ($A1:C$5)

3. What is Array Formula? ,sjs QkWewZyk D;k gS\

Array Formula vius vki esa dksbZ Formula ugh gksrk gSA Array Formula

fdlh vU; Formula ds lkFk feydj ml Formula dks Advance cukrk

gSA ;g Formula lHkh Multiple Range ij ,d lkFk dke djrk gS] ftu

ij gesa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Formulas dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA

4. What are Charts? Briefly explain the process of making a Pie

Chart? pkVZ D;k gS\ ikbZ pkVZ cukus dh izfØ;k dks la{ksi esa le>kb,\

Chart- Excel esa tks Data List ds :i esa Enter fd;k tkrk gS] mls ge

Chart ds :i esa Display dj ldrs gSaA Chart ds :i esa Data Impressive,

Interesting vkSj le>us esa vklku gks tkrk gS] blls Data dks Analysis

djuk vkSj mls Compare djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA

Pie Chart- Pie Chart esa vkidk Data xksy vkdkj esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blds

vyx&vyx Section esa vkidh Data Series fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Pie Chart cukus ds fy, ml Data dks Select djsaxs ftls vki Pie Chart

ds fy, Use djuk pkgrs gSaA vkSj fQj Toolbar esa Insert Tab dks Select

djsaxsA vc Insert Tab esa Chart Group esa tkdj Pie Chart Button ij

Click djsaxs vkSj blds ckn Drop Down Menu esa ls fdlh ,d Chart

tSls& 2D ;k fQj 3D ij Click djsaxsA

5. Define functions in Spreadsheet software and describe any five

Pre-define functions? LizsM’khV lkW¶Vos;j esa QaD’kUl dks ifjHkkf”kr djsa]

vkSj fdUgh ik¡p izh&fMQkbu QaD’kUl dk o.kZu djsa\

Spreadsheet esa QaD’kUl Built-in Commands dh rjg gksrs gSa] tks

Spreadsheet Software esa igys ls gh miyC/k gksrs gSA blfy, bUgs Pre-

define functions Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Function Code dk gh ,d fgLlk

gksrs gSa] ftUgs Excel esa Spreadsheet Application ds lkFk fMtkbu fd;k

tkrk gSA bu Functions dk iz;ksx fofHkUu izdkj ds Mathematical,

Logical vkSj Financial Calculations ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Excel

functions dks ges’kk Parenthesis () ds lkFk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bu Parenthesis ds chp esa dqN Pre-defined Arguments gksrs gSa tks

funsZ’kksa dh rjg dke djrs gSaA

Spreadsheet Software ds 5 Pre-define Functions fuEufyf[kr gSa&

 SUM()

 If()

 Vlookup()

 Hlookup()

 Concatenate()

Chapter 5- Presentation

What is LibreOffice Impress

LibreOffice Impress Hkh Microsoft Office ds MS PowerPoint tSlk gh ,d

Presentation Program gSA ftldk iz;ksx Slide Show rS;kj djus ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gSA blls ge viuh Information dks Graphics vkSj Multimedia ds

ek/;e ls Present djrs gSaA LibreOffice Impress dh File dk Extension

Name .odp gksrk gSA T;knkrj Companies viuh Presentation nsus ds fy,

bl rjg ds Software dk gh iz;ksx djrh gSa] D;ksafd blesa dqN Advance

Features gksrs gSa] ftudk Use ge viuh Presentation dks cukrs Time dj

ldrs gSaA tSls& Custom Animation, Slide Transition, Slide Effects etc.

Shortcut Keys For LibreOffice Impress

Ctrl+N

New

Ctrl+Shift+N

Manage Templates

Ctrl+O

Open

Edit Text

Ctrl+S

Save

Ctrl+Shift+S

Save As

Ctrl+M

New Slide

Shift+F3

Duplicate Object

Ctrl+Q

Exit LibreOffice

10.

Ctrl+X

Cut

11.

Ctrl+C

Copy

12.

Ctrl+V

Paste

13.

Ctrl+Z

Undo

14.

Ctrl+Y

Redo

15.

Ctrl+H

Find & Replace

16.

Ctrl+Shift+V

Paste Special

17.

Object Position & Size

18.

Start Slide Show

19.

Shift+F5

Start From Current Slide

20.

Ctrl+Shift+F5

Navigator

21.

Ctrl+Shift+F8

Fit Text to Frame

22.

Home

Go to First Slide

23.

End

Go to Last Slide

24.

Esc

Stop Presentation

25.

Show Black Screen in Slide Show

26.

Show White Screen in Slide Show

27.

Ctrl+Shift+G

Group Selected Object

28.

Alt+Ctrl+Shift+G

Ungroup

29.

Ctrl+Shift++

Bring to Front

Chapter 5- Important Questions

1. Write a short note on Slide Handout Master? LykbM gSaMvkmV ekLVj

ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksa\

Handout ,d Presentation dk Printout gksrk gSA blesa ,d Page ij

Minimum 1 vkSj Maximum 9 Slides dk Printout fudkyk tk ldrk gSA

;g Presentation eq[; :i ls Audience dks fn;k tkrk gSA ftlesa Slide

ds Contents, Company dk uke] Presentation Present djus dh Date

vkSj Speaker dk uke gksrk gSA ml Page ij Side esa [kkyh Space Hkh

gksrk gS] rkfd Audience ml ij Slide ds ckjs esa Note fy[k ldsaA

2. What is MS PowerPoint? ,e,l ikWojikWbaV D;k gS\

MS PowerPoint ,d Presentation Program gSA Generally bls PPT Hkh

dgk tkrk gSA bls Microsoft }kjk Developed fd;k x;k gSA ;g MS

Word, Excel dh rjg gh MS Office Suit dk ,d Hkkx gSA PowerPoint

Users dks Basics ls ysdj Complex Presentation cukus dh vuqefr nsrk

gSA bu Presentation dk Use vf/kdrj Business / Training ds Purpose

ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok Present Time esa PowerPoint dk

Use Schools esa Education Purpose ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

3. What are the Advantages of a presentation package? izstsaVs’ku iSdst

ds D;k Qk;ns gSa\

Presentation Package ds fuEufyf[kr Qk;ns gSa&

 PowerPoint ,d Presentation Software ds :i esa Standard

Application gS] ftl otg ls bldk mi;ksx fo’oHkj esa fd;k tkrk

gSA ;fn vki PowerPoint esa Presentation Create djrs gSa] rks ml

Presentation dks vki fdlh Hkh Person ;k Company ds lkFk

Share dj ldrs gSaA

 PowerPoint Program esa Slide Transitions, Animations, Layouts,

Templates vkfn vU; Features ‘kkfey gSa] tks Users dks

PowerPoint esa ,d Attractive Presentation cukus dh vuqefr nsrs

gSaA

 PowerPoint esa rS;kj dh xbZ Presentation dks vki Other File

Format tSls& GIF, JPG, Image, MPEG-4 Video, PDF vkfn esa Hkh

cny ldrs gSaA

 PowerPoint dk bLrseky djuk Easy to Use gSA ;fn vkidks

Graphic Design Principal dh Knowledge ugh gS] rc Hkh vki

PowerPoint ds Standard Template vkSj Themes ds tfj,

Colorful rFkk Attractive Design rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA

4. How to Add Movies and Sounds in LibreOffice Impress? fyczs vkWfQl

baizsl esa ewoh vkSj lkmaM dks dSls tksM+sa\

LibreOffice Impress esa Movies and Sounds dks Add djus ds fy,

Insert Menu esa Audio or Video ij Click djsaxsA fQj Audio / Video

File dks Select djsaxs vkSj Open ij Click djsaxs] rks tks Hkh Audio/Video

dh File vkius Select dh gksxh og File vkids Presentation esa Insert gks

tk,xhA Presentation esa Insert dh xbZ Audio/Video File dks Control

djus ds fy, Sidebar Setting esa Properties Option dks Open dj ysaxsA

vkSj fQj ml Audio/Video File dks Control dj ldrs gSaA tSls& mls

Paly djuk] Pause djuk] Stop djuk vkfnA

5. What is slide transition effect and how to apply transition in ms

power point? LykbM Vªkaft’ku bQsDV D;k gS] vkSj ,e,l ikojikbaV esa

Vªkaft’ku dSls ykxw djsa\

,d Presentation esa ,d ls vf/kd Slides gksrh gSaA ;g Effect nks Slides

ds chp esa yxk;k tkrk gSA ;g Slide Start gksus ds igys vkrk gS] blls

;g irk pyrk gS fd ,d Slide [kRe gks jgh gS vkSj ubZ Slide Start gks

jgh gSA ,d Slide esa ,d gh Transition Effect yxk;k tk ldrk gSA blesa

bldh Speed vkSj Sound dks Hkh Set dj ldrs gSA blh rjg ls blesa

cgqr lkjs Effect gksrs gSa] ftudk Use djds Presentation dks vkSj Hkh

vPNk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

MS PowerPoint esa Transition Effect Apply djus ds fy, lcls igys

ml Slide dks Select djsaxs] ftlesa Transition Apply djuk gksA mlds ckn

esa Transition Tab ij Click djsaxs vkSj Transition Group ls fdlh Hkh

Transition dks Select dj ysaxsA tSls& Cut, Fade, Push, Wipe, Split vkfnA

blds ckn Slide ij Transition Effect Apply gks tk,xkA

Chapter 6- Introduction to Internet and WWW

Internet ,d lcls cM+k Computer Network gS] ftlesa Personal rFkk Public

nksuksa rjg ds Network vkil esa tqM+s gksrs gSaA Internet ,d Public Network

gS] ftldk dksbZ Owner ugh gksrk gSA Internet ls tqM+s lHkh Device dk viuk

,d Unique IP Address gksrk gSA Internet ij Information Send and Receive

djus ds fy, TCP / IP Protocol dk Use gksrk gSA

Internet dh ‘kq:vkr 1970 ,oa 1980 ds n’kd esa gqvk FkkA Internet ARPANET

(Advance Research Projects Agency Network) ds uke ls Defense

Department }kjk ‘kq: fd;k x;k FkkA 1974 esa dbZ Local Area Network

ARPANET ls TCP / IP dh enn ls Connect fd, tkrs FksA lwpukvksa ds

vknku&iznku ds fy, ftl fu;e dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS mls Transmission

Control Protocol ;k Internet Protocol dgrs gSaA fdlh Hkh Computer dks

Internet ls tksM+us ds fy, Telephone Line dks Internet Service Provider ls

tksM+uk iM+rk gSA Hkkjr esa Internet lsok dk loZizFke mi;ksx 15 August 1995

dks fons’k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk] mlds ckn vU; dEifu;ksa

}kjk Hkh Internet dk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls fd;k tkus yxkA Internet dh

‘kq:vkr Vint Cerf us dh FkhA Vint Cerf dks Internet dk tud dgk tkrk gSA

Basic Of Computer Networks

Computer Network nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Computer dk ,d Collection ¼laxzg½

gS] tks Information dks Share djus ds fy, ,d nwljs ds lkFk tqM+s gksrs gSaSA

Components of Computer Network-

 Network Adapter

 Transmission Media

 Servers

 Clients

 Protocols

 Resources

 User

Types of Communication Medium

Communication Medium eq[; :i ls nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

1. Guided Media- og Transmission Media ftlesa nks Device ds e/;

Connection Physical Method tSls& Cable ;k Wire ds }kjk gksrk gS]

mls Wired Transmission Media ;k Guided Media dgrs gSaA

;s fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

a) Coaxial Cable

b) Fiber-Optic Cable

c) Twisted Pair

2. Unguided Media- og Transmission Media ftlesa fdlh Physical

Contact dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh gS] vFkkZr ftlesa Communication fcuk

Wire ds gksrk gS] mls Wireless Transmission Media ;k Unguided

Media dgrs gSaA

;s fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

a) Radio Waves

b) Microwave

c) Satellite

Types of Network

eq[; :i ls Network rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

 Local Area Network (LAN)- Local Area Network ,d Computer

Network gSA ftldk Use nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Computers dks tksM+us ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d dejs ;k ,d Building rd lhfer jgrk gS] ftldh

nwjh yxHkx 1 fdyksehVj rd gks ldrh gSA LAN ,d Private Network gSA

LAN Network esa Data Transfer dh Speed MAN vkSj WAN ls vf/kd gksrh

gSA

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)- Metropolitan Area Network LAN

Network ls cM+k vkSj WAN Network ls NksVk gksrk gSA ;g Network ,d

Town ;k City rd lhfer gksrk gS] ftlesa cgqr ls Local Area Network

vkil esa tqM+s gksrs gSaA tSls& Cable TV Network. MAN Network dks vkil

esa tksM+us ds fy, Coaxial cables vkSj Fiber Optic Cables dk Use fd;k

tkrk gSA MAN Network Public ;k Private nksuksa rjg dk Network gks

ldrk gSA

 Wide Area Network (WAN)- Wide Area Network ,d Digital

Communication System gSA WAN Network dk iz;ksx Cities, Countries

vkSj Continents ¼egkn~ohiksa½ dks tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

tSls& Internet. WAN esa Data Transfer dh Speed LAN dh rqyuk esa yxHkx

10 xquk de gksrh gSA WAN esa Network dks tksM+us ds fy, Microwave

Stations ;k Communication Satellites dk Use fd;k tkrk gSA

Network Topology

Topology Network ds Shape ;k Layout dks dgk tkrk gSA blesa Computers

dks vkil esa tksM+us ,oa mlesa Data Flow Method Topology dgykrh gSA

Types of Network Topology-

1. Bus Topology

2. Ring Topology

3. Star Topology

4. Mesh Topology

5. Tree Topology

 Bus Topology- Bus Topology esa lHkh Node ,d Single Cable ls tqM+s gksrs

gSa] ftls Back-bone dgrs gSaA Back-bone ds nksuksa Nksj (Start-Side vkSj

End-Side) ij Terminator yxs gksrs gSa] tks Signal dks Control djrs gSaA

Bus Topology esa fdlh Node ds [kjkc gksus ij Network ij dksbZ izHkko

ugh iM+rk gS] tcfd Back-bone ds [kjkc gksus ij iwjk Network izHkkfor

gksrk gSA Bus Topology dk mi;ksx NksVs Network ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Bus Topology ds Network dks Create djuk cgqr gh ljy gksrk gSA ;g

cgqr gh lLrh Topology gksrh gSA

Bus Topology

 Ring Topology- Ring Topology ,slk Network gS] ftlesa lHkh Devices

xksykbZ ls vkil esa Connect gksrs gSaA blesa T;knk la[;k esa Node tksM+us

ij Repeater dh vko’;drk iM+rh gSA Ring Topology esa Data

Transmission Unidirectional gksrk gSA blesa nksuksa Directions esa Data

Transfer djus ds fy, nks Connection dh t:jr gksrh gSA Ring Topology

esa Data Sequential rjhds ls Transfer fd;k tkrk gSA Ring Network esa

Terminator

dksbZ ,d Node [kjkc gks tk, rks bldk vlj iwjs Network ij iM+rk gSA

bl Topology dk iz;ksx Local Area Network esa fd;k tkrk gSA

Ring Topology

 Star Topology- Star Topology esa lkjs Computer ,d Hub ls tqM+s jgrs

gSaA bl Hub dks Central Network Device Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa Central

Network Device ,d Server ds :i esa dke djrk gS] vkSj ckdh ds lkjs

Computers Client ds :i esa dke djrs gSaA blesa fdlh Node ds [kjkc

gksus ij iwjk Network izHkkfor ugh gksrk gS] tcfd bl izdkj ds Topology

esa ;fn Hub ;k Switch [kjkc gks tk, rks iwjk Network Fail gks tkrk gSA

Star Topology

HUB

 Mesh Topology- Mesh Topology esa lHkh Node ,d nwljs ls Direct

Connect gksrs gSa] blesa dksbZ Hkh Host ;k Main Computer ugh gksrk gSA ;g

lcls fo’oluh; Topology gSA Mesh Topology esa N(N-1)/2 ls yxus okys

Cable dh la[;k fudkyh tk ldrh gSA bldh Cost vf/kd gksrh gS] vkSj

bldk Connection LFkkfir djuk eqf’dy gksrk gSA

Mesh Topology

 Tree Topology- Tree Topology ,d izdkj dh Network Topology gS]

ftlesa lHkh Nodes vkil esa bl rjg ls tqM+s jgrs gSa fd ;g ,d isM+ dh

rjg fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tks Star Topology vkSj Bus Topology ls feydj cuk

gksrk gSA

Tree Topology

Networking Device

Networking Device os Equipment gksrs gSa] ftuds }kjk nks ;k nks ls vf/kd

Computer ;k Electronic Device dks vkil esa Connect fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls

fd os vkil esa Data Share dj ldsa rFkk Communication dj ldsaA

Types of Networking Device –

1. Repeater

2. Hub

3. Switch

4. Bridge

5. Router

6. Gateway

7. Network Interface Card (NIC)

8. Modem

 Repeater- Repeater ,d Networking Device gS] tks fd Data Signal dks

Receive djrk gS vkSj ml Signal dks Regenerate rFkk Replicate djds vkxs

Hkst nsrk gSA Repeater OSI Module ds Physical Layer ij dke djrs gSaA

 Hub- Hub ,d Networking Device gS] ftldk Use cgqr lkjs Computers

;k Networking Device dks ,d lkFk tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Hub

dk mi;ksx ,d vkSj Hub, Switch, Bridge ;k Router dks tksM+us ds fy, Hkh

fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g OSI Module ds Physical Layer ij dke djrs gSaA

 Switch- Switch ,d Networking Device gS] tks fd Network Devices rFkk

Segments dks vkil esa tksM+rk gSA bls Multiport Bridge Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g

OSI Module ds Data Link Layer ij dke djrs gSaA

 Bridge- Bridge ,d Networking Device gS] ftldk mi;ksx nks LAN

Segment dks tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Bridge dk mi;ksx ,d cM+s

Network dks NksVs&NksVs Network esa ck¡Vus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

OSI Module ds Data Link Layer ij dke djrs gSaA

 Router- Router ,d Inter Networking Device gS] tks fd nks ;k nks ls

vf/kd Network dks vkil esa tksM+rh gSA Router Data Packet Hkstus ls

igys Rout fu/kkZfjr djrk gS vkSj lcls NksVs Rout ls Data Packet Hkstrk

gSA ;g OSI Module ds Network Layer ij dke djrk gSA

 Gateway- Gateway dk mi;ksx nks vyx izdkj ds Netwrok dks tksM+us ds

fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Gateway Hardware – Software ;k Hardware vkSj

Software nksuksa esa gks ldrk gSA T;knkrj Gateway dk Use Router esa

Software ds :i esa Install djds fd;k tkrk gSA Gateway OSI Module ds

Transport Layer ij dke djrk gSA

 Network Interface Card (NIC)- Network Interface Card gekjs PC dks

Other PC ds lkFk Communicate djus dh Permission nsrk gSA ,d NIC

Card Parallel Data Stream dks Serial Data Stream esa vkSj Serial Data

Stream dks Parallel Data Stream esa Change djrk gSA NIC Card dks

Network Adapter Card, Ethernet Card vkSj LAN Card Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g

OSI Module dh Data Link Layer rFkk Physical Layer ij dke djrk gSA

 Modem- Computer dks Internet ls Connect djus ds fy, Modem dh

t:jr gksrh gSA Modem Analog Signal dks Digital Signal esa vkSj Digital

Signal dks Analog Signal esa Convert djrk gSA Analog Signal dks Digital

Signal esa Convert djus dh Process dks Demodulation dgrs gSa] vkSj

Digital Signal dks Analog Signal esa Convert djus dh Process dks

Modulation dgrs gSaA

Types of Modem-

 External Modem

 Internal Modem

Applications of Internet

Present Time esa Internet dk mi;ksx fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS&

 Communication

 Education

 Business

 Entertainment

 Medicine

 Shopping etc.

Website Address and URL

Website Address- Web Address ;k fdlh Specific File,

Directory ;k Website ds Page dk ,d Address gksrk gSA tSls&

https://www.upcissyoutube.com bls URL Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij

Domain Name

https//:www.kssinstitute.co.in

Website dk Address Website ds Home Page dks Represent djrk gSA fdlh

Hkh Website dk Address Protocol, Domain Name ds lkFk ‘kq: gksrk gS] vkSj

Domain Type ds lkFk Finished gksrk gSA

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)- URL fdlh Website ;k Website ds Page

dks Represent djrk gS] ;k vkidks fdlh Page rd ys tkrk gSA URL Internet

esa fdlh Hkh File ;k Website dk Address gksrk gSA User Internet ls Web

Page izkIr djus ds fy, bl Address

https://www.upcissyoutube.com/notes.php

Types of URL-

 Absolute URL- Absolute URL esa Internet ij Files dks Search djus

ds fy, vko’;d lHkh Information gksrh gSA blesa Protocol, Host-

name, Folder-name vkSj File dk uke gksrk gSA tSls&

https://www.upcissyoutube.com/notes.php

 Relative URL- Relative URL esa vkerkSj ij dsoy Folder-name vkSj

File-name ;k flQZ File-name gksrk gSA ge Relative URL dk Use rc

dj ldrs gSa] tc ge mlh File ;k mlh Server ij fLFkr (Located)

File ij ekStwn (Present) gksaA Relative URL esa Browser dks Server-

name ;k Protocol-name dh vko’;drk (Requirement) ugh gksrh gSA

tSls& ..ccctest/cccmocklhtm

Protocol

Word Wide

Web

Domain

Name

Sub Domain

dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

htttps:// www. kssinstitute. co.in

www.kssinstitute.co.in/contact.html

100

World Wide Web (WWW)

World Wide Web Internet dk og fgLlk gS] ftlesa Website vkSj Web-

page ‘kkfey gSaA bldk vfo”dkj 1989 esa Tim Berners-Lee us Cern-Geneva,

Switzerland ¼luZ&ftusok] fLoV~tjySaM½ esa fd;k FkkA ;g ewy :i ls Internet

Server dk ,d System gS] tks Specially Formatted Document dks Support

djrk gSA blesa Document dks ,d Markup Language esa Format fd;k tkrk

gS] ftls Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) dgrs gSa] tks nwljs Document

ds lkFk&lkFk Graphics, Audio vkSj Video Files dks Support djrk gSA WWW

ewy :i ls nqfu;k Hkj esa forfjr yk[kksa Server okyk ,d Large-Client-Server

System gSA WWW dks W3 ;k Web Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d Informational

Space gSA ;gk¡ ij HTML Document vkSj Web Resource dks Uniform

Resource Locators (URL) ds Through identify fd;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ HTML

Document Hyperlink ds tfj, vkil esa tqM+s jgrs gSaA bu Web Document

dks ge Internet ds Through Access djrs gSaA

Web Page

,d Web Page vkerkSj ij Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) esa fy[kk

x;k ,d Document gksrk gS] ftls ge Internet ds tfj, vklkuh ls ns[k

ldrs gSaA bl rjg ds Web Page esa Web Links dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]

ftlls mlh Website ds Other Pages ;k fdlh nwljs Website esa Hkh tk;k tk

ldrk gSA

Domain Name

Domain Name ;k DNS (Domain Naming System) ,d ,slk Naming System

gS] ftlls ge fdlh Website dks Internet esa identify dj ldrs gSaA vf/kdka’k

101

Organization ¼laxBu½ Domain Name dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tks ;kn j[kuk

vklku gSA izR;sd Domain Name ,d identifier ¼igpkudrkZ½ ds lkFk lekIr

gksrk gS] tks vkidks crkrk gS fd ;g fdl izdkj dh Website gSA

Example-

Current Domain identifier

.com

Commercial Business

.edu

Educational institutions

.gov

Governmental Organizations

.net

Internet Service Provider

.mil

Military Site

.org

Organizations

Current Domain identifier

.arts

Cultural and Entertainment Organization

.firm

Businesses

.info

Information Services

.nom

Individuals Website

.rec

Entertainment Related Organizations

.store

Shops and Shops

.web

Organizations Related to the World Wide Web

Types of Website

eq[; :i ls Website nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa&

1. Static Website

2. Dynamic Website

 Static Website- Static Website oks Website gksrh gS] ftuds Web Page esa

fuf’pr (Fixed) Content gksrs gSaA bl rjg ds Website esa gj User dks ,d

gh Content fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] pkgs oks nqfu;k esa dgha ls Hkh mls Access dj

102

jgk gksA bl rjg ds Website cukuk dkQh vklku gksrk gS] D;ksafd blesa

flQZ HTML Coding dh t:jr gksrh gSA Static Website esa fdlh rjg ds

Database dh t:jr ugh iM+rh gS vkSj uk gh fdlh Web Programming

dhA Static Website muds fy, lgh gS ftuds Content esa Changes ugh

djus iM+rs gS] vkSj ,d gh Content lkyksa rd jgrk gS vkSj lHkh User mlh

Content dks Use djrs gSaA ;fn blds Content esa fdlh rjg ds Changes

djuk gks rks vkidks [kqn ls Coding djds ,d&,d Page esa Changes djuk

iM+sxkA

 Dynamic Website- Dynamic Website oks Website gksrh gS] ftldk

Content gj User ds vuqlkj cnyrk jgrk gSA blesa HTML ds vykok vkSj

Hkh dbZ lkjh Programming Languages ds lkFk&lkFk Database dk Use

Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA Dynamic Website informational gksus ds lkFk&lkFk

Functional Hkh gksrh gSaA bls cukus ds fy, nksuksa Server-Side vkSj Client-

Side Scripting Language dk Use fd;k tkrk gSA

Note- tc dksbZ User fdlh Dynamic Website ij dksbZ Page Open djrk

gS] rks igys og Dynamic Code ds Through Change gks tkrk gS] ysfdu

End esa tks Page Open gksrk gS og ,d Static Web Page gh gksrk gSA

Introduction to IP Address

IP Address ,d Number gS] tks Internet ij fdlh Computer ;k Device dh

igpku djrk gSA ;g ,d Address ds leku gS] tks ;g crkrk gS fd

Information dgk¡ ls Receive gks jgh gS vkSj bls dgk¡ ij Send djuk pkfg,A

IP Address fof’k”V (Specific) :i ls Internet Protocol }kjk Send Data ds

Source vkSj Destination ¼xarO;½ dh igpku djrs gSaA IP Address dk Basic

Version vikZusV (ARPANET) }kjk 1983 esa fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA

103

Types of IP Address

orZeku esa Internet dh bl nqfu;k esa nks IP Address dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk

gSA IPv4 vkSj IPv6.

 IPv4 Version- IPv4 lcls O;kid (Comprehensive) :i ls Use fd;k

tkus okyk Internet Protocol gSA IPv4 Address dks ,d String ds :i esa

fy[kk tkrk gS] ftlesa 4 Hkkx gksrs gSa] ftldh Range 0 ls 255 rd gksrh

gSA ftlesa izR;sd la[;k dks n’keyo (.) ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA IPv4

32 Bit Address dk mi;ksx djrk gS] ftlesa izR;sd Hkkx 8 Bit dk gksrk

gSA IPv4 esa yxHkx 4.3 Billion IP Address gSaA bu Address esa ls dqN

Address Private Network vkSj Multicasting Address dh Category ds

Under Unique Use ds fy, Reserve j[ks x, gSaA ;g ,d General IPv4

Address gS& 172.16.254.1

IPv4 Address Classes

Class

Address Range

Class A

1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

Class B

128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

Class C

192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

Class D

224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

(Reserved for Multicasting Groups)

Class E

240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

(Reserved for Future Use)

 IPv6 Version- IPv6 Internet Protocol dk Latest Version gSA IPv6 dks

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA

IPv6 dks IPv4 dh txg Use fd;k tkrk gSA IPv6 128 Bit Address dk

mi;ksx djrk gSA IPv6 Address dks 4 Hexadecimal Digits ds 8 Groups

104

}kjk Represent fd;k tkrk gS] ftu lewgksa dks Colons ds }kjk Support

fd;k tkrk gSA

tSls& 2001: 0db8: 0000: 0042: 0000: 8a2e: 0370: 7334

ISP and Role of ISP

ISP dk iwjk uke Internet Service Provider gSA Internet Service Provider

,d Company gS] tks Customers ;k Users dks Internet Service Provide

djrh gSA ISP dks rhu Hkkxksa esa Divide fd;k x;k gS& Tier1, Tier2 vkSj Tier3.

 Tier1- Tier1 High Level Internet Service Provider gSa] D;ksafd T;knkrj

Network Lines Tier1 }kjk gh LFkkfir dh tkrh gSaA ;s u flQZ {ks=h;

Level ij Network Lines LFkkfir djrs gSa] cfYd nwljs ns’k esa Internet

Connection Provide djus ds fy, leqnz ds uhps Internet Cable fcNkrs

gSaA Tier1 ISP World Wide Web ds lHkh Corners dks tksM+rs gSaA Tier1

Internet Service Provider lh/ks yksxksa (End User) dks Internet

Connection Provide ugh djrh gSa] cfYd ;s mls Tier2 dks csprh gSaA

 Tier2- Tier2 ISP ,d Service Provider gS] tks Tier1 vkSj Tier3 Internet

Service Provider ds chp Connect gksrk gSA Tier2 Provider Peering

¼ih;fjax½ Agreements ds ek/;e ls Internet Traffic dks Exchange djrs

gSa] lkFk gh Internet rd igq¡pus ds fy, Tier3 ISP ls Charges ysrs gSaA

 Tier3- Tier3 ISP Last Internet Service Provider gS] tks Tier2 ISP ls

Internet dh Facility ysdj Users rd igq¡pkus dk dke djrs gSaA

Role of ISP

ISP ,d ek/;e gS tks Internet ls tqM+us ds fy, Service Provide djrk gSA

vkSj tks Customers dks ikl okys Internet Gateway ls Connect djrk gSA

105

ISP vius Customers dks Internet ls Connect djus ds fy, ,d Modem

Provide djrk gSA ISP World Wide Web (WWW) ds Users ds fy,

Information Service dks tksM+rk gSA ;g Users dks Electronic Mail (E-mail)

dh Services dks Use djus dh Permission nsrk gSA ISP vius Customers ds

fy, Antivirus System Applicable ¼ykxw½ djds virus ds izlkj ls Security

Provide djrk gSA ISP Customer ds fy, Web Hosting, E-mail Service,

Domain Name dk Management Hkh djrk gSA

Internet Protocol

Protocol ,d rjg ds “Set of Rules” gS] tks Digital Communication esa Use

fd, tkrs gSaA Protocol ds }kjk gh ;g Decide gksrk gS] fd Computer

Network ij Data dSls Transmit gksxk vkSj dSls Receive gksxkA Computing

esa Protocol dks Digital Language Hkh dgk tkrk gSA buds fcuk ge Internet

ij ,d nwljs ls laokn (Conversation) ugh dj ldrs vkSj uk gh Data dks

,d Computer ls nwljs Computer rd Transfer dj ldrs gSaA Internet ij

gekjs }kjk Hksth xbZ dksbZ File vFkok Mail Internet Protocol ds vuqlkj Work

djrs gSaA

Types of Protocol

fofHkUu izdkj ds Network Operating System Computer ds chp

Communication Process dks Control djus ds fy, dbZ izdkj ds Protocols

dk Use gksrk gS&

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)- Transmission Control

Protocol Digital Network Communication esa lcls vf/kd mi;ksx fd,

tkus okys Protocol esa ls ,d gS] vkSj Internet Protocol dk fgLlk gS]

ftls TCP / IP ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA TCP ,d Connection Oriented

106

Communication Protocol gSA ;g eq[; :i ls vyx&vyx Nodes ds

chp Data dh End to End Delivery lqfu’pr djrk gSA TCP Internet

Protocol ds lkFk feydj dke djrk gSA

 Internet Protocol (IP)- Internet Protocol fu;eksa dk ,d lewg gS]

ftlds }kjk Internet ij Information dks ,d Computer ls nwljs

Computer rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa dgsa rks Internet Protocol

og Protocol gS] ftlds }kjk Data Packets dh Routing rFkk Addressing

dh tkrh gS] rkfd og Data Packets Network esa Travel dj ldsa vkSj

vius xarO; (Destination) rd igq¡p ldsA

 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)- HTTP dk mi;ksx nks ;k nks ls

vf/kd Computers ds chp Hyper Text dks Transfer djus ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gSA Hyper Text dks HTML Language dk mi;ksx djds Code fd;k

tkrk gSA HTTP Port 80 ij dke djrk gS] tcfd HTTPS Port 443 ij

dke djrk gS vkSj Communication ds fy, TCP dk mi;ksx djrk gSA

HTTPS dk iwjk uke Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure gSA HTTPS

,d ,slk Protocol gS] ftlds }kjk Internet esa Browser ls fdlh Hkh

Website ij Secure Communication fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)- File Transfer Protocol dk mi;ksx

Internet ij File Transfer (Upload and Download) djus ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gSA File Transfer djus dk ;g rjhdk HTTP dk mi;ksx djus ls

vf/kd Fast gSA FTP Port 21 ij dke djrk gSA

 Post Office Protocol (POP3)- POP3 ,d Client / Server Protocol gS]

ftldk dk;Z Internet ij miyC/k Mail Server esa ls Mail dks Download

dj Client ds Mail Software rd igq¡pkuk gksrk gSA tc Hkh gesa dksbZ

Email vkrk gS] rks lcls igys og Email Internet ij miyC/k gekjs Email

107

Server ij igq¡prk gSA ftlds ckn POP3 Protocol Email Server ds lkFk

Link djds ml Email dks Download dj ysrk gS] vkSj Client ds Email

Software rd mls igq¡pk nsrk gSA POP3 TCP Port 110 ij E-mail

Massages dks Transfer djrk gSA

 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)- Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol dk mi;ksx Mail dks Send djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA SMTP

Port 25 ij dke djrk gSA

 Ethernet- ;g LAN Communication ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk

lcls yksdfiz; Protocol gSA ;g Digital Packet esa Information dks

Transfer djrk gSA ;fn dksbZ Hkh Computer bl Protocol dk mi;ksx

djuk pkgrk gS] rks mlesa Ethernet Network Interface Card gksuk pkfg,A

;g Card Microchip esa r; (Decide) fd;k x;k ,d Unique Address

Code gSA

 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)- UDP ,d Connection Free Protocol

gSA UDP ;g ns[kus ds fy, Check ugh djrk gS fd Hksts x, Segment

,d Destination ¼xarO;½ }kjk Receive fd, x, Fks ;k ughA

 Point to Point Protocol (PPP)- Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) ,d

Data Link Layer Communication Protocol gS] ftldk mi;ksx nks Nodes

ds chp lh/kk lEcU/k LFkkfir djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

 Telnet- Telnet Protocol fu;eksa dk ,d Set gS] ftldk mi;ksx ,d

Computer dks nwljs Computer ls Connect djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

bl Connection Process dks Remote Login dgk tkrk gSA Telnet dk

mi;ksx Remote Access ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Port 23 ij dke

djrk gSA

Modes of Connecting Internet

108

Hotspot, Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi), LAN Cable, Broadband vkSj USB

Tethering ¼VsFkfjax½ tSlh fofHkUu izdkj dh Internet Access Techniques gSa&

 Hotspot- Hotspot vkids lHkh Devices dks Connect djus dh lqfo/kk

Provide djrk gS] ftuesa Wi-Fi Available gSA Hotspot ,d Virtual

Router ds ek/;e ls Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) ij

Internet Access dh lqfo/kk Provide djrk gSA Hotspot ds tfj, vki

vius Smartphone, Tablet, Media Player, Laptop vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd

vki vius Friends ds lkFk vius Mobile ls Internet Share dj ldrs

gSaA Hotspot Wi-Fi Technique dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tks Electronic

Devices dks Internet ls Connect djus ;k Radio Waves ds ek/;e ls

Wireless :i ls Data dks Exchange djus dh Permission nsrk gSA

 Wi-Fi- Wi-Fi ,d Wireless Networking Technique gS] tks Wireless

High-Speed Internet vkSj Network Connection Provide djus ds fy,

Radio Waves dk Use djrk gSA ;g Wireless Connectivity ftls Wi-Fi

ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] og Technique gS ftlls vki vius PC, Laptop,

Smartphone ;k Tablet Device dks fdlh Physical Wired Connection

dh vko’;drk ds fcuk High Speed Internet ls Connect dj ldrs gSaA

Wi-Fi dk iwjk uke Wireless Fidelity gSA

 LAN Cable- vk/kqfud Computer dbZ rjhdksa ls Internet ls Connect

fd, tk ldrs gSa] tcfd dbZ Computer Wi-Fi ds ek/;e ls Internet

dk Use djrs gSa] dqN Computer esa Wi-Fi ugh gksrh gSA ;fn vkids ikl

,d Ethernet Port gS] rks vki vius Computer dks Ethernet Card vkSj

,d Cable Modem dk mi;ksx djds Internet ls Connect dj ldrs gSaA

109

 Broadband- Broadband ,d High-Speed Internet Connection gS] tks

fd ,d Wide Frequency dk Use djds Multiple Channel ij Data

Transmit djrk gSA Broadband Connection dk Use djus ds fy,

Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber, Twisted Pair dk Use fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

Technique Dial-Up Connection ls T;knk Internet Speed nsrh gSA

 USB Tethering- vki Tethering ds ek/;e ls vius Laptop dh rjg

vU; Devices ds lkFk Internet Access djus ds fy, viuk Mobile-

Phone Data Share dj ldrs gSaA vki Bluetooth ;k Wi-Fi Connection

dk Use djds Tether dj ldrs gSaA USB Tethering Fast Speed ls

Internet dh lqfo/kk Provide djrk gSA blesa Mobile-Phone dks USB

Cable }kjk Laptop ls Connect djuk gksrk gSA

Identifying and Uses of IP/MAC/IMEI of Various Devices

 IP Address- ,d IP Address Internet ij ,d Network Device dks ,d

vyx igpku Provide djrk gSA IP Address ?kj ;k Business ds Address

ds leku gksrk gSA fdlh Network ls tqM+s Device IP Address ds ek/;e

ls ,d nwljs ls Different gksrs gSaA ;fn vki fdlh Other City esa vius

Friend dks Latter Hkstus tk jgs gSa] rks vkids ikl mldk lgh Address

gksuk pkfg,A Internet ij Data Send djrs Time Hkh blh Process dk

Use fd;k tkrk gSA Example- tc vki vius Browser esa

www.upciss.com Website dk URL fy[krs gSa] rks ml Page dks Load

djus dk vuqjks/k DNS Servers dks Hkstk tkrk gS] tks blds Related IP

Address dks Search djus ds fy, “upciss.com” ds Host-name dks

ns[krs gSaA

110

 MAC Address- MAC dk iwjk uke Media Access Control gksrk gSA bls

Physical Address vkSj Hardware Address ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

;g lHkh Electronic and Networking Devices ds fy, ,d Unique and

Permanent Address gksrk gSA MAC Address ,d ,slk Number gS ftlds

}kjk vkids Computer esa yxs Network Adapter dks igpkuk tk ldrk

gSA MAC fdlh Hkh Devices (Computer, Printer, Router and Phone) ds

Hardware dk Identification Number gksrk gSA ,d MAC Address esa

nks Character ds Ng tksM+h vad (Six Pair Points) gksrs gSa] vkSj gj Pair

dks Colon (:) }kjk Divide fd;k tkrk gSA Traditional ¼ikjaifjd½ MAC

Address esa 12 Digit (6 Bytes ;k 48 Bits) Hexadecimal Numbers dk

gksrk gSA ;g vkerkSj ij fuEufyf[kr rhu Format esa ls ,d esa fy[ks

tkrs gSa&

tSls& MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS

MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS

MMM.MMM.SSS.SSS

 IMEI- IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) ,d 15 ;k 17

vadks dk Code gS] tks Mobile Phone dh igpku ds fy, Company }kjk

Firmware esa Store dj fn;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh Phone dk IMEI Number

ml Phone dh Location dks crkrk gSA vf/kdka’k Mobile Phone esa IMEI

Code dks ns[kus ds fy, *#06# Code dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa] ;k fQj

IMEI Code Mobile Battery ds uhps Hkh fy[kk gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh Person

dk Phone xqe gks tkrk gS] ;k pksjh gks tkrk gS] rks CEIR (Central

Equipment Identity Register) dks Call djds IMEI Number ds vuqlkj

Mobile dks Blacklist djk ldrk gSA Blacklist gks tkus ds ckn T;knkrj

111

Mobile csdkj gks tkrs gSa] pkgs mldk SIM-Card gh D;ksa u Change dj

fn;k x;k gksA Mobile [kjhnus ds rqjUr ckn IMEI Code dks ,d lqjf{kr

LFkku ij fy[kdj j[kuk pkfg,] rkfd Mobile Search djus ;k pksjh gksus

dh fLFkfr esa mls Block djk;k tk lds rkfd dksbZ mldk Misuse u dj

ldsA

Popular Web Browsers

Web Browser ,d Application Software gS] tks Word Wide Web ij

Available Information rd igqapus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Web

Browser eq[;r% Web Server ij Available Information dks Users ds Device

ij Display djus dk dke djrk gSA

 Internet Explorer- Internet Explorer Microsoft }kjk Develop fd;k

x;k ,d Graphical Web Browser gS] ftldks Windows 95 ds lkFk

1995 esa Launch fd;k x;k FkkA Microsoft us Internet Explorer Web

browser dks Linux, Unix, Mac vkSj Mobile Phones ds fy, Hkh Develop

fd;k gSA Internet Explorer dk First Version 1.0 vkSj Latest Version

11 gS] ftldks 2013 esa Launch fd;k x;k FkkA Internet Explorer dks

C++ Programming Language dk Use djds cuk;k x;k FkkA

 Microsoft Edge- Edge Microsoft }kjk Develop fd;k x;k ,d

Graphical Web Browser gS] ftldks Windows 10 vkSj Xbox One ds

fy, 2015, vkSj fQj 2017 esa Android vkSj IOS ds fy,] vkSj 2019 esa

Mac OS ds fy, Launch fd;k x;k FkkA Microsoft Edge esa C++, C#

Programming Language dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

 Google Chrome- Google Chrome Google }kjk Develop fd;k x;k ,d

Web Browser gS] ftldks 2008 esa Windows Operating System ds fy,

112

Release fd;k x;k Fkk] ckn esa bls Linux, Mac OS, IOS vkSj Android

ds fy, Hkh Release fd;k x;k FkkA Chrome Browser Web Application

ds fy, ,d Platform dh rjg Work djrk gSA Google Chrome dks C,

C++, JavaScript, Python tSlh Programming Language dk Use djds

cuk;k x;k gSA Chrome Browser yxHkx 50 ls T;knk Languages dks

Support djrk gSA

 Mozilla Firefox- Mozilla Firefox Mozilla Corporation }kjk 2002 esa

Develop fd;k x;k ,d Open Source Web Browser gSA Mozilla

Firefox dks Windows, Linux, Mac OS vkSj Android Operating System

ds fy, Develop fd;k x;k gSA Mozilla Firefox esa C, C++, JavaScript

vkSj CSS tSlh Programming Language dk Use fd;k x;k gSA

 Opera Browser- Opera Browser dks Opera Software Company }kjk

1995 esa Develop fd;k x;k FkkA Opera Browser dks Windows, IOS,

Linux, Android vkSj Mac OS ds fy, Develop fd;k x;k gSA Opera

Browser dks C++ Programming Language dk Use djds cuk;k x;k gSA

Exploring the Internet

Current Time esa Internet gj Person ds fy, t:jh gks x;k gSA Internet ds

ek/;e ls cgqr ls dk;ksZa dks fd;k tkrk gSA Internet ,d ,slh nqfu;k gS tgk¡

ij Information dk ,d cgqr cM+k HkaMkj gSA Internet us cgqr ls dk;ksZa dks

Easy cuk fn;k gS] ftlesa Education, Business, Communication, Research,

Entertainment tSls lHkh {ks= ls Related Information Available gSA Internet

Communication dk lcls Popular vkSj lLrk lk/ku gSA

113

Surfing the Web

Internet ij Surfing dk vFkZ gS ,d Web Page ls nwljs Web Page ij tkukA

Internet ij Surfing ds fy, ,d Computer, ,d Browser vkSj ,d Internet

Connection dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA Surfing ‘kCn Mark McCahill ¼ekdZ

eSdfgy½ }kjk fn;k x;k gSA

Popular Search Engines

Search Engine ,d Web Based Tool vFkok Software Program gS] tks

Internet Users dks World Wide Web ij Information Search djus esa Help

djrk gSA tSls& Google, Bing, Yahoo, Baidu vkSj Yandex Popular Search

Engine gSaA

 Google- Google World esa lcls Popular Search Engine gSA bldks

1997 esa Launch fd;k x;k FkkA bl Search Engine dks Develop djus

ds fy, Python, C++ vkSj C Language dk Use fd;k x;k gSA Google

ds Founder Larry Page ¼ySjh ist½ vkSj Sergey Brin ¼lxsZbZ fczu½ gSaA

 Bing- Bing Search Engine Microsoft }kjk Develop fd;k x;k ,d

Search Engine gS] ftls 2009 esa Microsoft }kjk Launch fd;k x;k FkkA

igys ;g Live Search ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] vkSj fQj bldks Replace

djds Bing uke fn;k x;kA bldks Develop djus ds fy, ASP.NET

Language dk Use fd;k x;k gSA

 Yahoo- Yahoo Google dh rjg gh ,d Search Engine gSA Yahoo dks

1995 esa Yahoo Company }kjk Launch fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj vkt Yahoo

Google vkSj Bing ds ckn lcls T;knk Search fd;k tkus okyk Search

Engine gSA

114

 ASK- ASK ,d Search Engine gSA igys ;g Jeeves ds uke ls tkuk tkrk

Fkk] vkSj fQj bldks Change djds ASK dj fn;k x;kA bldks Garrett

Gruener ¼xSjsV xzq,uj½ vkSj David Warthen ¼MsfoM okFksZu½ }kjk 1996 esa

Launch fd;k x;k FkkA

 Baidu- Baidu phu dk lcls Popular Search Engine gSA ;g Search

Engine dsoy Chinese Language esa Available gSA blds Founder Robin

Li ¼jkWfcu yh½ vkSj Eric Xu ¼,fjd tw½ FksA Baidu Search Engine dks 2000

esa Launch fd;k x;k FkkA

 Yandex- Yandex :l dk lcls Popular Search Engine gSA bldks

CompTek Company }kjk 1997 esa Launch fd;k x;k FkkA

 DuckDuckGo- DuckDuckGo Gabriel Weinberg ¼xsfcz;y osucxZ½ }kjk

2008 esa Launch fd;k x;k ,d Search Engine gSA

Chapter 6- Important Questions

1. What is an Internet Service Provider? Into how many parts is ISP

Divided? baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj D;k gS\ ISP dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa ckaVk

x;k gS\

Internet Service Provider ,d Company gS] tks Customers ;k Users

dks Internet Service Provide djrh gSA ISP dks rhu Hkkxksa esa Divide

fd;k x;k gS& Tier1, Tier2 vkSj Tier3.

 Tier1- Tier1 High Level Internet Service Provider gSa] D;ksafd

T;knkrj Network Lines Tier1 }kjk gh LFkkfir dh tkrh gSaA ;s u

flQZ {ks=h; Level ij Network Lines LFkkfir djrs gSa] cfYd nwljs

ns’k esa Internet Connection Provide djus ds fy, leqnz ds uhps

Internet Cable fcNkrs gSaA Tier1 ISP World Wide Web ds lHkh

115

Corners dks tksM+rs gSaA Tier1 Internet Service Provider lh/ks yksxksa

(End User) dks Internet Connection Provide ugh djrh gSa] cfYd

;s mls Tier2 dks csprh gSaA

 Tier2- Tier2 ISP ,d Service Provider gS] tks Tier1 vkSj Tier3

Internet Service Provider ds chp Connect gksrk gSA Tier2 Provider

Peering ¼ih;fjax½ Agreements ds ek/;e ls Internet Traffic dks

Exchange djrs gSa] lkFk gh Internet rd igq¡pus ds fy, Tier3 ISP

ls Charges ysrs gSaA

 Tier3- Tier3 ISP Last Internet Service Provider gS] tks Tier2 ISP ls

Internet dh Facility ysdj Users rd igq¡pkus dk dke djrs gSaA

2. Define network topology. Explain the various types of topologies?

usVodZ VksiksykWth dks ifjHkkf”kr djsaA fdUgh nks izdkj dh VksiksykWth dks

le>kb,\

Topology Network ds Shape ;k Layout dks dgk tkrk gSA blesa

Computers dks vkil esa tksM+us ,oa mlesa Data Flow Method Topology

dgykrh gSA

1. Bus Topology- Bus Topology esa lHkh Node ,d Single Cable ls

tqM+s gksrs gSa] ftls Back-bone dgrs gSaA Back-bone ds nksuksa Nksj

(Start-Side vkSj End-Side) ij Terminator yxs gksrs gSa] tks Signal

dks Control djrs gSaA Bus Topology esa fdlh Node ds [kjkc gksus ij

Network ij dksbZ izHkko ugh iM+rk gS] tcfd Back-bone ds [kjkc

gksus ij iwjk Network izHkkfor gksrk gSA Bus Topology dk mi;ksx

NksVs Network ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Bus Topology ds Network dks

Create djuk cgqr gh ljy gksrk gSA ;g cgqr gh lLrh Topology

gksrh gSA

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2. Ring Topology- Ring Topology ,slk Network gS] ftlesa lHkh

Devices xksykbZ ls vkil esa Connect gksrs gSaA blesa T;knk la[;k esa

Node tksM+us ij Repeater dh vko’;drk iM+rh gSA Ring Topology

esa Data Transmission Unidirectional gksrk gSA blesa nksuksa

Directions esa Data Transfer djus ds fy, nks Connection dh t:jr

gksrh gSA Ring Topology esa Data Sequential rjhds ls Transfer fd;k

tkrk gSA Ring Network esa dksbZ ,d Node [kjkc gks tk, rks bldk

vlj iwjs Network ij iM+rk gSA bl Topology dk iz;ksx Local Area

Network esa fd;k tkrk gSA

3. What do you understand by WWW? Name some popular Internet

Browser? MCY;wMCY;wMCY;w ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ dqN izfl) baVjusV

czkmtj ds uke crkb,\

World Wide Web Internet dk og fgLlk gS] ftlesa Website vkSj Web-

page ‘kkfey gSaA bldk vfo”dkj 1989 esa Tim Berners-Lee us Cern-

Geneva, Switzerland ¼luZ&ftusok] fLoV~tjySaM½ esa fd;k FkkA ;g ewy :i

ls Internet Server dk ,d System gS] tks Specially Formatted

Document dks Support djrk gSA blesa Document dks ,d Markup

Language esa Format fd;k tkrk gS] ftls Hyper Text Markup

Language (HTML) dgrs gSa] tks nwljs Document ds lkFk&lkFk Graphics,

Audio vkSj Video Files dks Hkh Support djrk gSA WWW dks W3 ;k

Web Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

Popular Web Browsers-

 Internet Explorer- Internet Explorer Microsoft }kjk Develop fd;k

x;k ,d Graphical Web Browser gS] ftldks Windows 95 ds lkFk

117

1995 esa Launch fd;k x;k FkkA Internet Explorer dks C++

Programming Language dk Use djds cuk;k x;k FkkA

 Microsoft Edge- Edge Microsoft }kjk Develop fd;k x;k ,d

Graphical Web Browser gS] ftldks Windows 10 vkSj Xbox One ds

fy, 2015, vkSj fQj 2017 esa Android vkSj IOS ds fy,] vkSj 2019

esa Mac OS ds fy, Launch fd;k x;k FkkA Microsoft Edge esa C++,

C# Programming Language dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

 Google Chrome- Google Chrome Google }kjk Develop fd;k x;k

,d Web Browser gS] ftldks 2008 esa Windows Operating System

ds fy, Release fd;k x;k Fkk] ckn esa bls Linux, Mac OS, IOS vkSj

Android ds fy, Hkh Release fd;k x;k FkkA Google Chrome dks C,

C++, JavaScript, Python tSlh Programming Language dk Use djds

cuk;k x;k gSA Chrome Browser yxHkx 50 ls T;knk Languages dks

Support djrk gSA

 Mozilla Firefox- Mozilla Firefox Mozilla Corporation }kjk 2002 esa

Develop fd;k x;k ,d Open Source Web Browser gSA

Opera Browser- Opera Browser dks Opera Software Company

}kjk 1995 esa Develop fd;k x;k FkkA Opera Browser dks Windows,

IOS, Linux, Android vkSj Mac OS ds fy, Develop fd;k x;k gSA

4. Explain LAN Network and WAN Network? ySu usVodZ vkSj oSu usVodZ

dh O;k[;k djsa\

 Local Area Network (LAN)- Local Area Network ,d Computer

Network gSA ftldk Use nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Computers dks tksM+us

ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d dejs ;k ,d Building rd lhfer

118

jgrk gS] ftldh nwjh yxHkx 1 fdyksehVj rd gks ldrh gSA LAN ,d

Private Network gSA LAN Network esa Data Transfer dh Speed

MAN vkSj WAN ls vf/kd gksrh gSA

 Wide Area Network (WAN)- Wide Area Network ,d Digital

Communication System gSA WAN Network dk iz;ksx Cities,

Countries vkSj Continents ¼egkn~ohiksa½ dks tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk

gSA tSls& Internet. WAN esa Data Transfer dh Speed LAN dh rqyuk

esa yxHkx 10 xquk de gksrh gSA WAN esa Network dks tksM+us ds fy,

Microwave Stations ;k Communication Satellites dk Use fd;k

tkrk gSA

5. What is Internet Protocol? Explain common networking

protocols? baVjusV izksVksdkWy D;k gS\ lkekU; usVofdZax izksVksdkWy dh

O;k[;k djsa\

Internet Protocol ,d rjg ds “Set of Rules” gS] tks Digital

Communication esa Use fd, tkrs gSaA Protocol ds }kjk gh ;g Decide

gksrk gS] fd Computer Network ij Data dSls Transmit gksxk vkSj dSls

Receive gksxkA Internet ij gekjs }kjk Hksth xbZ dksbZ File vFkok Mail

Internet Protocol ds vuqlkj Work djrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds Network

Operating System Computer ds chp Communication Process dks

Control djus ds fy, dbZ izdkj ds Protocols dk Use gksrk gS&

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)- Transmission Control

Protocol Digital Network Communication esa lcls vf/kd mi;ksx

fd, tkus okys Protocol esa ls ,d gS] vkSj Internet Protocol dk

fgLlk gS] ftls TCP / IP ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA TCP Internet

Protocol ds lkFk feydj dke djrk gSA

119

 Internet Protocol (IP)- Internet Protocol fu;eksa dk ,d lewg gS]

ftlds }kjk Internet ij Information dks ,d Computer ls nwljs

Computer rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA

 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)- HTTP dk mi;ksx nks ;k nks

ls vf/kd Computers ds chp Hyper Text dks Transfer djus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA Hyper Text dks HTML Language dk mi;ksx djds

Code fd;k tkrk gSA

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)- File Transfer Protocol dk mi;ksx

Internet ij File Transfer (Upload and Download) djus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA

Chapter 7- E-mail, Social Networking and e-

Governance Services

Introduction to E-mail

E-mail dk Full Name Electronic Mail gksrk gSA bls yksx E-mail ;k Electronic

Mail Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g ,d izdkj dk Digital Message gksrk gS] ftls ,d User

nwljs User ds lkFk Communicate djus ds fy, Use djrk gSA ,d E-mail esa

Text, Files, Images ;k dksbZ Attachments Hkh gks ldrk gS] ftls Network ds

ek/;e ls fdlh Specific individual ;k Group of individuals dks Hkstk tk

ldrk gSA igyk E-mail 1971 esa Ray Tomlinson ¼js VkWefyalu½ }kjk ARPANET

dks Hkstk x;k FkkA

E-mail Address

E-mail dk Use djus ds fy, Users ds ikl ,d E-mail Address gksuk pkfg,A

,d E-mail esa 2 Part gksrs gSa] ftudks @ ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA blesa 1

120

Part user_name rFkk 2

Part Domain Name gksrk gSA tSls&

infoupciss@gmail.com

blesa User Name vf/kdre 64 Characters dk gks ldrk gS vkSj Domain

Name vf/kdre 254 Characters dk gks ldrk gSA

Parts of Electronic Mail- Electronic Mail esa fuEufyf[kr Parts gksrs gSa&

 To (Recipient’s Address)

 CC (Carbon Copy) and BCC (Blind Carbon Copy)

 Date and Time Stamp

 Body

 Subject Line

 Signature

 Attachments

Popular E-mail Clients- dqN Popular E-mail Clients ds uke gSa&

 Mozilla Thunderbird

 MS-Outlook

 Opera Email Client

 Pegasus Mail

 Outlook Express

 Mailbird

 Dream Mail

E-mail Services- E-mail Services eq[; :i ls nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&

1. Application Based E-mail

2. Web Based E-mail

How E-mail Works

E-mail Client-Server Module ij dke djrk gSA SMTP Protocol dk Use

Client ls Server vkSj ,d Server ls nwljs Server ij E-mail Send djus ds

121

fy, fd;k tkrk gSA SMTP Port Number 25 ij dke djrk gSA POP3 Protocol

dk Use Client }kjk Application Based E-mail Server ls Mail rd igqapus ds

fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Port Number 110 ij dke djrk gSA Internet

Message Access Protocol (IMAP) Client }kjk Web-Based E-mail ds fy,

Server ls Mail Receive djus ds fy, Use fd;k tkrk gSA IMAP Port Number

143 ij dke djrk gSA

Using E-mails

E-mail lqfo/kk (Facility) dk Use djus ds fy, vkids ikl ,d E-mail Account

gksuk vko’;d gSA E-mail Account cukus ds fy, vki fdlh Hkh Free E-mail

Service Provider dh Website ij tkdj viuk E-mail Account Create dj

ldrs gSaA Google, Yahoo, Hot-Mail tSls fofHkUu E-mail Service Provider

Free of Cost E-mail Account dh lqfo/kk Provide djrs gSaA

Opening E-mail Account

E-mail Account [kksyus ds fy, E-mail Service Provider dh Website ij

tkdj Create Account Option dks Select djsaA vkSj fQj Sign Up Page ij

iwNh xbZ Information dks Hkjsa vkSj lkFk esa viuk E-mail id Choose djsaA E-

mail id dks Select djrs Time ges’kk ,d ,slh id Select djsa] ftldh Length

de gks vkSj og ,d Meaningful id gksA

Mailbox: Inbox and Outbox

 Inbox- vki ds }kjk Receive dh tkus okyh lHkh E-mail vki ds Inbox

esa Store gksrh gSA Inbox ls Delete dh tkus okyh E-mails Bin/Trash

Box esa pyh tkrh gSA Trash Box esa Hksth xbZ E-mail dks okil Inbox esa

122

Hkstk tk ldrk gSA Trash Box esa j[kh xbZ E-mail vius vki 30 fnuksa ds

ckn Delete gks tkrh gSA

 Outbox- Outbox esa vkids }kjk Hksth xbZ E-mail rc rd Store jgrh gS]

tc rd og Receiver ¼izkIrdrkZ½ ds Inbox rd ugh igqaprhA Receiver

rd igqapus ds ckn og E-mail vkids Outbox ls Direct Sent-Box esa vk

tkrh gS] tgk¡ ls vki vius }kjk Hksth xbZ lHkh E-mails dks ns[k ldrs

gSaA

Creating and Sending a New E-mail

E-mail fy[kus ds fy, Compose Option dk Use djrs gSA Compose Option

ij Click djus ij ,d Window Open gksrh gS] tgk¡ ij vki E-mail Message

vkSj mlls Connected Information’s dks Fill djrs gSaA tSls&

 To- To Option esa Receiver ¼izkIrdrkZ½ dk E-mail Address fy[kk tkrk

gSA ;fn ,d ls vf/kd yksxksa dks E-mail Hkstuk gS rks mu lHkh ds E-mail

Addresses Comma (,) ls vyx djrs gq, fy[ks tkrs gSaA Contact List dk

123

Use djds Hkh Receiver ds E-mail Address Select fd, tk ldrs gSaA

,dckj esa vf/kdre 500 yksxksa dks E-mail Hkstk tk ldrk gSA

 Carbon Copy (CC)- CC esa fy[ks x, E-mail Addresses ds lHkh Receiver

¼izkIrdrkZ½ ns[k ldrs gSa] fd ;g E-mail Message fdl&fdl dks Hkstk

x;k gSA

 Blind Carbon Copy (BCC)- BCC esa fy[ks x, E-mail Addresses ds lHkh

Receiver ¼izkIrdrkZ½ ;g ugha ns[k ldrs gSa] fd ;g E-mail Message

fdl&fdl dks Hkstk x;k gSA

 Subject- Subject esa E-mail Message dk Subject fy[kk tkrk gSA

 Body- Body E-mail Message dk og Part gS] tgk¡ ij Original Message

fy[kk tkrk gSA

Replying to an E-mail Message

Reply Option fdlh Hkh Receive E-mail Message dk Answer nsus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA tc vki fdlh E-mail Message dks Inbox esa Open djrs gSa]

rks vkidks Reply dk Option fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Reply Option dks nks rjg ls Use

fd;k tkrk gSa Reply vkSj Reply to all. ;fn vki flQZ Sender dks Answer nsuk

pkgrs gSa] rks Reply Option Select djsa] vkSj ;fn vki CC and BCC esa fy[ks

x, lHkh E-mail Addresses ij Reply Hkstuk pkgrs gSa rks Reply to all Option

dks Select djsaA

Forwarding an E-mail Message

tc vkidks vius Inbox esa Received E-mail dks fdlh vkSj ds ikl Hkstuk gks]

rc Forward E-mail Option dks Select djrs gSaA

124

Searching E-mails

tc Inbox esa E-mails dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gS] rc E-mail dks Search djus ds

fy, Search E-mail Option dk Use djrs gSaA Search Option Inbox esa Top

esa gksrk gS] tgk¡ ij vki E-mail Address, User Name, E-mail Subject vkSj

E-mail Date ds vuqlkj E-mail dks Search dj ldrs gSaA

Attaching Files With E-mail

Attachment E-mail ds lkFk Hksth tkus okyh File gksrh gSA G-mail vkSj Yahoo

mail esa vki 25MB Size dh File Hkst ldrs gSaA Attachment esa Audio, Video,

Image, Text, Zip tSlh lHkh File Hksth tk ldrh gSaA vkSj dqN ,slh File ftlesa

Virus gksus dh lEHkkouk (Possibility) gks ldrh gS] og File E-mail Attachment

ls ugh Hksth tk ldrh gSA tSls& com, msi, exe, dll, cmd Files.

E-mail Signature

Signature izR;sd E-mail ds End esa tqM+k gksrk gSA ftlesa Signature ds Part

esa E-mail Hkstus okys dh Contact Information gksrh gSA tSls& Person dk

uke] Company dk uke] Company dk Logo, Website Address etc. E-mail

esa Signature dks Add djus ds fy, lcls igys E-mail Account Open djsaxs]

fQj Setting esa tk;saxs] vkSj See all Setting Option ij Click djsaxs] vkSj fQj

Create New Option ij Click djsaxs] vkSj fQj Name New Signature esa

Signature Name Create djsaxs] mlds ckn Svae Changes Option ij Click

djds Signature dks Save dj ysaxsA mlds ckn esa tc pkgs ml Signature dks

Use dj ldrs gSaA

125

Social Networking & E-Commerce

 Social Networking- Social Networking dk lEcU/k Internet ds ek/;e

ls yksxksa dks vkil esa tksM+uk gSA Internet ij Social Media Sites dk

Use vki vius Friends, Family, Customers ;k lgdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk tqM+s

jgus ds fy, djrs gSaA Social Networking dk Use Social Purpose,

Business Purpose ;k nksuksa ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA Social Media

Sites tSls& Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn vkSj Instagram ds ek/;e ls

vki yksxksa ds lkFk tqM+ ldrs gS] vkSj vius fopkjksa dks lk>k dj ldrs

gSaA Social Networking us E-Commerce esa Important Role Play fd;k

gSA E-Commerce Companies Social Media dk Use vius Products dks

Sell djus vkSj mls c<+kok nsus ds fy, Use djrh gSA

 E- Commerce- Electronic- Commerce ;k E- Commerce dk lEcU/k

Internet ij Goods ;k Services dks [kjhnus vkSj cspus ls gSA vkerkSj ij

E- Commerce dks eq[;r% 6 Module esa Classified fd;k x;k gS&

 B2C (Business-to-Consumer)

 B2B (Business-to-Business)

 C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)

 C2B (Consumer-to-Business)

 B2A (Business-to-Administration)

 C2A (Consumer-to-Administration)

History of E- Commerce-

E- Commerce dh ‘kq:vkr yxHkx 40 lky igys gqbZ FkhA World dh igyh E-

Commerce Company dEI;wloZ (CompuServe) 1969 esa Dr. John, R. Goltz

vkSj Jeffrey Wilkins }kjk Dial-up Connection dk mi;ksx djds LFkkfir dh

xbZ FkhA India dh igyh E- Commerce Company Fabmart.Com dh LFkkiuk

1999 esa Vaitheswaran ¼oSFks’oju½ ds }kjk dh xbZ FkhA

126

Facebook

Facebook lcls Popular Social Media Platform gS] ftldh ‘kq:vkr 4 Qjojh

2004 dks gqbZ FkhA bldh LFkkiuk Mark Zuckerberg ¼ekds tqdjcxZ½ us Dustin

Moskovitz ¼MfLVu eksLdksfoV~t½] Eduardo Saverin ¼,MqvkMksZ lsofju½] Chris

Hughes ¼fØl º;wtsl½ vkSj Andrew McCollu ¼,aMª;w eSddksye½ ds lkFk feydj

dh Fkh] tks fd ml le; Harvard University ds Students FksA Facebook ij

vki vius Friends ds lkFk tqM+ ldrs gSa] vkSj muds lkFk Photo, Video, Text

vkfn Share dj ldrs gSaA Facebook ij Minimum 1 Second ;k 1 MB rFkk

Maximum 240 Minute ;k 4 GB rd Size ds Video Upload fd, tk ldrs

gSA Present Time esa Facebook ij Account Open djus dh Minimum Age

13 Year gSA

Twitter

Twitter ,d Microblogging Social Networking Site gS] ftldk ‘kq:vkrh uke

Twttr FkkA bldh LFkkiuk Jack Dorsey ¼tSd Mksjlh½] Noah Glass ¼uksvk Xykl½]

Biz Stone ¼fct LVksu½ vkSj Evan Williams ¼boku fofy;El½ ds }kjk 2006 dks

gqbZ FkhA Twitter ij Post fd, tkus okys Messages dks “Twit” ds :i esa tkuk

tkrk gSA Twitter ij vki fdlh ,d Twit esa Maximum 280 Characters dk

Use dj ldrs gSaA vkSj ;fn vki vius Twit esa fdlh Video dks Upload djuk

pkgrs gSa] rks og Video 2 Minute, 20 Second ;k mlls de dk gksuk pkfg,A

Twitter esa Maximum File Size 12 MB gSA

LinkedIn ,d Social Media Platform gSA bldh LFkkiuk 28 December 2002

esa, vkSj bldh ‘kq:vkr 5 May 2003 esa Reid Hoffman ¼jsM gkWQeu½ ds }kjk

127

dh xbZ FkhA LinkedIn dks Specially Business Professionals ds fy, Design

fd;k x;k gSA bldh Help ls vki vius Work-related information dks nwljs

Users ds lkFk Share dj ldrs gSaA ftlesa Employed People ¼ukSdjhis’kk yksx½

vkSj Job pkgus okys vius Curriculum Vitae (CV) dks Post djrs gSaA

Instagram

Instagram ,d vesfjdh Photo vkSj Video Share djus okyh Social

Networking Service gSA bls Kevin Systrom ¼dsfou flLVªkWe½ vkSj Mike

Krieger ¼ekbd Økbxj½ }kjk cuk;k x;k Fkk] vkSj bls October 2010 esa iOS

(iPhone Operating System) rFkk 3 April 2012 dks Android ij Launch fd;k

x;k FkkA Instagram ij Video Upload djus dh Minimum Limit 3 Second

vkSj Maximum Limit 60 Second gSA Current Time esa Instagram ds Owner

Facebook gSA

Instant Messaging

Instant Messaging (IM) Technique ,d izdkj dh Online Chat gS] tks

Internet ij Actual Time esa Message Transmission dh lqfo/kk Provide djrk

gSA tSls& WhatsApp, Facebook, Messenger, Telegram, Skype etc. vktds

Instant Messenger ij Chat ds lkFk&lkFk File Share, Voice vkSj Video Chat

dh Hkh lqfo/kk Provide djrs gSaA

 WhatsApp- WhatsApp ,d Instant Messenger gS] bldh LFkkiuk 2009

esa Brian Acton ¼czk;u ,DVu½ vkSj Jan Koum ¼tku dkWe½ ds }kjk dh

xbZ FkhA Present Time esa bldk Ownership Facebook ds ikl gSA ;g

Users dks Text Message, Voice Message, User Location ds lkFk&lkFk

Image, video vkSj Documents rFkk Voice Call, Video Call dh Hkh lqfo/kk

128

Provide djrk gsA WhatsApp Status ij Maximum 30 Second dk

Video Upload fd;k tk ldrk gS] rFkk Documents ds fy, Maximum

File Size 100 MB gSA WhatsApp ij vki Group cuk ldrs gSa] ftlesa

Maximum 256 yksxksa dks Add fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 Facebook Messenger- Facebook Messenger ,d Instant Messenger

gS] ftlds ek/;e ls Users Message ds lkFk&lkFk Photo, Video,

Sticker, Audio vkSj Files dks ,d nwljs ds lkFk Share dj ldrs gSa] lkFk

gh Other Users ds Messages ij Response dj ldrs gSaA Facebook

Messenger ls vki Voice rFkk Video Calling Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

 Telegram- Telegram dks 2013 esa nks HkkbZ Nikolai ¼fudksykbZ½ vkSj Pavel

Durov ¼ikosy Mqjkso½ }kjk Launch fd;k x;k FkkA Telegram ds Through

vki fdlh Hkh izdkj dh Files (doc, zip, mp3 etc.), Message, Photo,

Video Send dj ldrs gSa] vkSj lkFk gh lkFk vki blesa Group Hkh cuk

ldrs gSaA Users Group esa Maximum 200,000 Members dks Add dj

ldrk gSA

Introduction to Blogs

Blog ,d izdkj dh Online Mk;jh gS] tgk¡ ij yksx viuk Opinion, Experience

vkSj Interests ¼:fp;ksa½ dks Post djrs gSaA bu Post esa vkerkSj ij Text,

Photo, Video vkSj Other Links Hkh gksrs gSa] ftlls Internet User mu Links

ij Click dj Blog esa Available Other Information rd igqaprs gSaA Website

vkSj Blog esa ,d NksVk lk Difference gksrk gS] D;ksafd gj Blog ,d Website

gksrh gS] ysfdu gj Website ,d Blog ugh gksrh gSA

Some Blogging Platforms-

 WordPress.org

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 Gator

 WordPress.com

 Blogger

 Tumblr

 Medium

 Squarespace

 Wix

 Ghost

Basic of E-Commerce

Electronic- Commerce ;k E- Commerce dk lEcU/k Internet ij Goods ;k

Services dks [kjhnus vkSj cspus ls gSA E- Commerce dh ‘kq:vkr 11 August

1994 esa “NetMarket” uked ,d Website ls gqbZ FkhA igyh ckj bl Website

ls ,d CD dks cspk x;k FkkA

Types of E- Commerce-

 B2B (Business to Business)- bl izdkj ds E- Commerce esa Seller rFkk

Buyer nksuksa Business Organization gksrs gSaA vFkkZr~ ,d Business

Organization vius Product dks nwljs Business Organization dks csprh

gSA

 B2C (Business to Consumer)- bl izdkj ds E- Commerce esa

Organization ;k Company lh/ks Consumer dks viuk Product Online

csprk gSA ;g lcls T;knk Use gksus okyk E- Commerce gSA blesa

Customer Product dks Online Website esa ns[k ldrk gS] rFkk mls

Order dj ldrk gSA Company dks Order dh Information fey tkus ds

ckn Company Product dks lh/ks Customer dks Hkst nsrh gSA

Example- Amazon, Flipkart, myntra etc.

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 C2B (Consumer to Business)- bl izdkj ds E- Commerce esa

Consumer vius Products ;k Services dks Companies dks csprs gSaA

 C2C (Consumer to Consumer)- bl izdkj ds E- Commerce esa Seller

rFkk Buyer nksuksa Consumer gksrs gSaA vFkkZr~ ,d Consumer vius

Products dks nwljs Consumer dks Website ds ek/;e ls csprs gSaA

 B2A (Business to Administration)- bl izdkj ds E- Commerce esa

Business Organization rFkk Government Agency Website ds }kjk

lwpuk dk vknku&iznku djrs gSaA

 C2A (Consumer to Administration)- bl izdkj ds E- Commerce esa

Consumer rFkk Government Agency ds e/; lwpuk dk vknku&iznku

Website ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA

M-Commerce

M- Commerce ftldk vFkZ Mobile Commerce gSA Actually esa M-

Commerce E- Commerce dk ,d Part gSA ;g ‘kCn 1997 esa Kevin Duffey

¼dsfou MQh½ }kjk fn;k x;k FkkA Mobile Phone ds ek/;e ls Product dks

[kjhnus o cspus dks M- Commerce dgrs gSaA

Netiquettes

Netiquette ‘kCn “etiquette” ls feydj cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS& baVjusV

f’k”VkpkjA ftl rjg f’k”Vkpkj lekt esa fouez vkSj vPNs O;ogkj dks n’kkZrk gS]

oSls gh Netiquette Internet ij vPNs vkSj fouez O;ogkj dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA

Netiquette Online Communication ds dbZ igyqvksa esa ‘kkfey gSa tSls& E-

mail, Social Media, Online Chat, Web Forum, Website Comment, Online

Communication etc.

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Netiquette Rules dh dksbZ Official List Available ugh gSA bldk Main

Purpose nwljksa dks Online Respect nsuk gSA

Example-

 cM+h ek=k esa yksxksa dks vupkgs E-mail Hkstdj Spam u djsaA

 Web Forum ¼Qksje½ ;k Website Comments esa yksxksa dks ckj&ckj ijs’kku

djds mUgs Troll u djsaA

 HkM+dkÅ ;k vkifÙktud Comments dks Online Post u djsaA

 Personal Information tSls& Photo, Video Share djus ds fy, fdlh

dks etcwj u djsaA

 nwljksa dh Privacy dk lEeku djsaA

 Post ds Facts dks Check fd, fcuk Repost u djsaA

 fdlh dks xkyh u nsa] vkSj u gh vkifÙktud Language dk iz;ksx djsaA

Overview of e-Governance Services like Railway

Reservation, Passport, eHospital [ORS]

ljdkj dh vke ukxfjdksa ds fy, miyC/k lqfo/kkvksa dks Internet ds ek/;e ls

miyC/k djkuk E-Governance dgykrk gSA blds Under Government

Services vkSj Information Online Available gksrh gSaA Indian Government

us Electronic Department dh LFkkiuk 1970 esa dh] vkSj National

Informatics Center dh LFkkiuk 1977 esa dh FkhA vkt Indian Government

vkSj yxHkx lHkh izeq[k fgUnh Hkk”kh jkT;ksa dh ljdkjsa vke turk ds fy,

viuh lqfo/kk,a Internet ds ek/;e ls miyC/k djk jgh gSaA ftlls Government

Offices vkSj Public nksuksa ds iSls vkSj Time dh cpr gks ldsA tSls&

 vki Online Banking ds tfj, lHkh Banking Services dk ykHk mBk ldrs

gSaA

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 GST ls lEcaf/kr lHkh dke Online gh dj ldrs gSaA

 Train, Bus vkSj Airplane dh Ticket Online cqd dj ldrs gSaA

 fctyh] ikuh] VsyhQksu] eksckby bR;kfn ds fcy Online Hkjs tk ldrs gSaA

 PAN Card, Adhar Card, jk’ku dkMZ] ikliksVZ] tkfr izek.k i= bR;kfn dks

vki Online Verified dj ldrs gSaA

Types of E-Governance-

1. G2G (Government to Government)- tgk¡ Information dk

vknku&iznku Government ds chp esa fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& Central

Government rFkk State Government ds chp ;k fQj Other

Government ds chpA

2. G2C (Government to Citizen)- blds ek/;e ls ukxfjd (Citizen)

Government ds lkFk lh/ks tqM+ ldrs gSa] vkSj viuh ckr Government

rd igqapk ldrs gSaA rFkk Government }kjk nh tkus okyh fofHkUu

lkoZtfud lsokvksa dks vklkuh ls izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

3. G2B (Government to Business)- blesa E-Governance Business Class

dks Government ds lkFk Simple rjhds ls ckrphr djus esa Help djrk

gSA bldk mn~ns’; Business ds ekgkSy esa vkSj Government ds lkFk

ckrphr djrs le; Li”Vrk LFkkfir djuk gSA

4. G2E (Government to Employees)- ;g Government vkSj mlds

deZpkfj;ksa ds chp dq’kyrk vkSj rsth ls Contact cukus esa Help djrk gSA

E-Governance Service in Railway Reservation

Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) dh ‘kq:vkr 27

flracj 1999 dks gqbZ Fkh] ;g 3 vxLr 2002 dks iwjh rjg ls ifjpkyu esa vk;k

FkkA IRCTC us Hkkjrh; jsyos ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA IRCTC

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ij E-Ticketing Service Start gksus ij igys fnu iwjs ns’k esa dsoy 27 fVdV

cqd fd, x, FksA IRCTC ds ek/;e ls Indian Railway ds E-Ticket cqd djus

ds fy, www.irctc.co.in ;k IRCTC App ds tfj, Mobile Phone ls cqd fd;k

tk ldrk gSA IRCTC ij Online Payment djus ds dbZ rjhds Available gSaA

tSls& Credit Card, Debit Card, E-wallet, Net-Banking etc.

1 uoacj 2014 ls jsy ea=ky; }kjk Unreserved ¼vukjf{kr½ Ticket dh Online

cqfdax ds fy, Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS) App Launch fd;k x;k

gSA blds }kjk tujy fVdV] lhtu fVdV vkSj Platform Ticket dh cqfdax dh

tk ldrh gSA

Passport

Passport ,d Legal Document gSA bldk use fons’k esa ;k=k djus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA Passport dks ftl ns’k esa O;fDr jgrk gS] mlds }kjk cuk;k

tkrk gSA ;g Passport fons’k ;k=k ds oDr O;fDr dh igpku rFkk mldh

ukxfjdrk dks crkrk gSA ,d Passport esa Person dk uke] Date of Birth,

Person dh Photo vkSj mlds Signature gksrs gSaA bu lcds vykok Passport

esa Person dh Identification ds fy, vkSj Hkh Information gksrh gSA fons’k

ea=ky; Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) ns’kHkj esa 36 Passport Offices,

424 Post-Office Passport Seva Kendra (POPSK) vkSj fons’k esa 190 Indian

Mission Network ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks Passport tkjh djus ds

fy, Service miyC/k djkrs gSaA Passport dk vkosnu Online fons’k ea=ky; dh

Official Website-

https://portal2.passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/welcomeLink ls

fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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eHospital [ORS]

Online Registration System (ORS) ,d Online Portal gS] ftldh ‘kq:vkr 1

tqykbZ 2015 esa gqbZ FkhA ORS Portal ds ek/;e ls ukxfjd (Citizen) India ds

fofHkUu jkT;ksa vkSj dsanz ds vLirkyksa esa Online Application dj ldrs gSaA vki

bl Services ds ek/;e ls OPD (Outpatient Department) cqfdax] Lab

Report vkSj fdlh Hkh Government Hospital esa Blood Availability dh

information Online izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

Accessing e-Governance Services on mobile Using

“UMANG APP”

UMANG APP ,d Mobile App gS] ftls Digital India ds rgr Hkkjr esa E-

Governance pykus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA UMANG App dks Electronics vkSj

lwpuk izks|ksfxdh ea=ky; (MeitY) ,oa National e-Governance Division

(NeGD) }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA UMANG dh Full Form- Unified Mobile

App for New Age Governance gSA bls uoacj 2017 esa Launch fd;k x;k FkkA

UMANG App 13 Indian Languages esa Available gSA UMANG App ,d ,slk

Application gS] ftldk Use dbZ E-Governance Services tSls& vk/kkj lsok]

Hkkjr xSl] fMftykWdj] ikliksVZ lsok vkfn ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA UMANG

Service Mobile Application, Web, IVR (Interactive Voice Response) vkSj

SMS tSls dbZ pSuyksa ij miyC/k djkbZ xbZ gS] ftls Smartphone, Feature

Phone, Tablet vkSj Desktop ds ek/;e ls Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA orZeku

esa UMANG App esa 623 Services, 116 Department vkSj 23 State dks Add

fd;k x;k gSA

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Digital Locker

DigiLocker ,d Online Service gS] ftls Qjojh 2015 esa Launch fd;k x;k

FkkA tks Electronics vkSj IT ea=ky; (Indian Government) }kjk fodflr dh

xbZ gSA bldks Indian Government dh Digital India igy ds rgr Develop

fd;k x;k gSA DigiLocker ,d Secure Cloud Storage gS] tgk¡ izR;sd Indian

Citizens vius Certificates dks Digital Documents ds :i esa Store dj ldrk

gSA tSls& Driving License, Vehicle ¼okgu½ Registration, Educational

Certificate etc. ;g Scan dh xbZ Copies dks Upload djus ds fy, izR;sd

Accounts esa 1GB Storage Space Provide djrk gSA bldk File Size

Maximum 10 MB, vkSj File Type- PDF, JPEG, vkSj PNG gSA DigiLocker dk

Use djus ds fy, Users ds ikl Adhar-Card gksuk vko’;d gSA DigiLocker

dks Sign-up djus ds fy, Adhar Number vkSj vk/kkj ls tqM+s Mobile Number

ij Hkstk x;k OTP (One-time password) Mkyuk gksxkA fQj bldks ckn esa

Log-in djus ds fy, Users viuk Password lsV dj ldrk gSA

Chapter 7- Important Questions

1. What is Social Networking? Give the Examples of Social

Networking Sites? Lkks’ky usVofdZax D;k gS\ lks’ky usVofdZax lkbV~l ds

mnkgj.k nsa\

Social Networking dk lEcU/k Internet ds ek/;e ls yksxksa dks vkil

esa tksM+uk gSA Internet ij Social Media Sites dk Use vki vius

Friends, Family, Customers ;k lgdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk tqM+s jgus ds fy,

djrs gSaA Social Networking dk Use Social Purpose, Business Purpose

;k nksuksa ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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Example of Social Networking Sites-

 Facebook

 Instagram

 LinkedIn

 Twitter

 YouTube etc.

2. What is Netiquette? usfVdsV D;k gS\

Netiquette ‘kCn “etiquette” ls feydj cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS& baVjusV

f’k”VkpkjA ftl rjg f’k”Vkpkj lekt esa fouez vkSj vPNs O;ogkj dks n’kkZrk

gS] oSls gh Netiquette Internet ij vPNs vkSj fouez O;ogkj dks iznf’kZr

djrk gSA Netiquette Online Communication ds dbZ igyqvksa esa ‘kkfey

gSa tSls& E-mail, Social Media, Online Chat, Web Forum, Website

Comment, Online Communication etc.

3. What is the Basics of E-Commerce and the types of E-Commerce

Models? bZ&dkWelZ dh ewy ckrsa vkSj bZ&dkWelZ ekWMy ds izdkj D;k gSa\

Electronic- Commerce ;k E- Commerce dk lEcU/k Internet ij

Goods ;k Services dks [kjhnus vkSj cspus ls gSA E- Commerce dh ‘kq:vkr

11 August 1994 esa “NetMarket” uked ,d Website ls gqbZ FkhA igyh

ckj bl Website ls ,d CD dks cspk x;k FkkA

Types of E-Commerce Models-

 B2C (Business-to-Consumer)

 B2B (Business-to-Business)

 C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)

 C2B (Consumer-to-Business)

 B2A (Business-to-Administration)

 C2A (Consumer-to-Administration)

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4. What is an ISP and What is the role of an ISP? ISP D;k gS vkSj ISP

dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

ISP dk iwjk uke Internet Service Provider gSA Internet Service

Provider ,d Company gS] tks Customers ;k Users dks Internet

Service Provide djrh gSA ISP dks rhu Hkkxksa esa Divide fd;k x;k gS&

Tier1, Tier2 vkSj Tier3.

Role of ISP-

ISP ,d ek/;e gS tks Internet ls tqM+us ds fy, Service Provide djrk

gSA vkSj tks Customers dks ikl okys Internet Gateway ls Connect

djrk gSA ISP vius Customers dks Internet ls Connect djus ds fy,

,d Modem Provide djrk gSA ISP World Wide Web (WWW) ds Users

ds fy, Information Service dks tksM+rk gSA ;g Users dks Electronic

Mail (E-mail) dh Services dks Use djus dh Permission nsrk gSA ISP

vius Customers ds fy, Antivirus System Applicable ¼ykxw½ djds

virus ds izlkj ls Security Provide djrk gSA ISP Customer ds fy,

Web Hosting, E-mail Service, Domain Name dk Management Hkh

djrk gSA

5. What is the Protocol? Explain the SMTP Protocol and POP3

Protocol? izksVksdkWy D;k gS\ SMTP izksVksdkWy vkSj POP3 izksVksdkWy dh

O;k[;k djsa\

Protocol ,d rjg ds “Set of Rules” gS] tks Digital Communication esa

Use fd, tkrs gSaA Protocol ds }kjk gh ;g Decide gksrk gS] fd Computer

Network ij Data dSls Transmit gksxk vkSj dSls Receive gksxkA

Computing esa Protocol dks Digital Language Hkh dgk tkrk gSA buds

fcuk ge Internet ij ,d nwljs ls laokn (Conversation) ugh dj ldrs

138

vkSj uk gh Data dks ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer rd Transfer

dj ldrs gSaA

 SMTP Protocol- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol dk mi;ksx Mail

dks Send djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA SMTP Port 25 ij dke djrk

gSA

 POP3 Protocol- POP3 (Post Office Protocol) ,d Client / Server

Protocol gS] ftldk dk;Z Internet ij miyC/k Mail Server esa ls

Mail dks Download dj Client ds Mail Software rd igq¡pkuk gksrk

gSA POP3 TCP Port 110 ij E-mail Massages dks Transfer djrk

gSA

Chapter 8-Digital Financial Tools and Applications

orZeku esa nqfu;k Digitalization dh vksj cgqr rsth ls vkxs c<+ jgh gS] bldk

flQZ ,d gh dkj.k gS& vklku igqap vkSj Time dh cprA ge Mobile Phone,

Computer, Tablet etc. ds ek/;e ls Digital Services dk mi;ksx dj ldrs

gSaA Computer, Internet vkSj Smartphone ds vfo”dkj us Financial Services

ij cgqr vf/kd izHkko Mkyk gSA vkt Computer vkSj Mobile Phone ds tfj,

dksbZ Hkh Person vius Bank Account rd igqap ldrk gS] vkSj og lky ds

365 fnu 24*7 Account Details, Money Transaction, Pay Bills, Ticket

Booking vkfn dj ldrk gSA

Digital Financial Tools

,sls Devices ftuds ek/;e ls Digital Financial Services dk Use fd;k tk

ldrk gS] Digital Financial Tools dgykrs gSaA tSls& ATM, Credit Card, Debit

139

Card, UPI, e-Wallets, POS (Point of Sale) Machine vkfn lHkh Digital

Financial Tools ds Example gSA

Understanding OTP [One Time Password] and QR [Quick

Response] Code

 OTP (One Time Password)- OTP ,d Password gksrk gS] tks dsoy ,d

Number dk ,d Code gS] ftls One-Time Password ;k Dynamic

Password Hkh dgk tkrk gSA OTP ,d Static Password dh rqyuk esa

vf/kd Secure gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g dsoy ,d gh Transaction ds fy,

Valid gksrk gSA bldh le; lhek 10 Minute rd gksrh gS] mlds ckn ;g

Expire gks tkrk gSA OTP- Registered Mobile Number ;k E-mail ID ij

gh Hkstk tkrk gSA

 QR Code(Quick Response Code)- QR Code ,d rjg dk Barcode gS]

ftlesa Dots dh ,d Matrix gksrh gSA bls Matrix Bar Code ;k Two

Dimensional Bar Code Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bls igyh ckj 1994 esa tkikuh

Company Denso Wave ¼Msalks oso½ }kjk Design fd;k x;k FkkA bls QR

Scanner ;k Mobile Camera }kjk Scan fd;k tk ldrk gSA QR Code esa

dksbZ Hkh Data gks ldrk gS tSls& Bank Account Details, ;k fdlh

Website dk URL, Application vkfnA QR Code nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

1. Static QR Code

2. Dynamic QR Code

UPI [Unified Payment Interface]

Unified Payments Interface, National Payments Corporation of India

(NPCI) }kjk Developed ,d Instant Payment System gSA ;g ,d ,slk

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System gS] tks dbZ Bank Accounts dks ,d gh Mobile Application esa

Combine djrk gSA blds lkFk gh ;s dbZ Banking Services dks Hkh Combine

djrk gSA tSls& Balance Enquiry, Fund Transfer vkfnA Unified Payments

Interface (UPI) dks NPCI ds }kjk 11 vizSy 2016 dks Mumbai esa RBI ds

Governor Dr. Raghuram Ji Rajan }kjk Launch fd;k x;k FkkA

Note- UPI ds ek/;e ls ysu&nsu djus ij OTP dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh gSA

Requirement for UPI-

 Bank Account.

 Debit Card for Creating MPIN (Mobile Banking Personal

Identification Number).

 Smart Phone with Internet.

 Mobile Number Should be Linked with Bank Account.

How to Register for UPI-

 Download any UPI Application (such as BHIM, PhonePe, Google Pay

etc.)

 Register on the App with Bank Account Details.

 Start Using UPI Services such as Enquiry, Fund Transfer etc.

 Create a Virtual ID and Set MPIN.

AEPS [Aadhaar Enable Payment System]

AEPS ,d Secure Payment Method gS] tks Aadhaar ls tqM+s Bank Account

Holders dks Aadhaar Authentication ¼izek.khdj.k½ djds Basic Banking

Services tSls& Balance Enquiry, Cash Withdrawal vkfn dk ykHk mBkus dh

vuqefr nsrk gSA

How to use AEPS Services-

 Use AEPS Services

141

 Visit MicroATM/ BankMitra

 Verification using Bio-metrics (Finger etc.)

 Provide Aadhaar Number and Bank Name

USSD [Unstructured Supplementary Service Data]

NPCI (National Payments Corporation of India) }kjk USSD vk/kkfjr Mobile

Banking Services dh ‘kq:vkr uoacj 2012 esa dh xbZ FkhA USSD ,d GSM

(Global System for Mobile Communications) Protocol gksrk gS] tks Text

Message Hkstus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ;g SMS Service (Short

Message Service) ds leku gSA USSD dk mi;ksx Mobile Banking lfgr dbZ

Purposes ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& Banking Customers vius Phone ij

*99# Dial djds bl Services dk ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA tSls gh Customer vius

Mobile ij *99# Dial djrk gS] Mobile Screen ij ,d Interactive Menu

Display gksrk gS] ftlds }kjk ge Balance enquiry, Fund Transfer tSlh Basic

Banking Services dk Use dj ldrs gSaA *99# lHkh Telecom Service Provider

esa ,d Common Number gSA ;g Service USSD Channel ij dke djrh gS

vkSj Basic Feature Mobile Phone dk Use djds Mobile Banking

Transactions djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA USSD Based Mobile Banking dk

Use djus ds fy, Mobile Internet Data Facility dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh gSA

Card [Credit / Debit]

 Credit Card- Credit Card ,d iryh Rectangular Plastic Card gS] tks

vkidks Credit Based Transactions djus esa Help djrk gSA Credit Card

dk vfo”dkj John Biggins ¼tkWu fcfxUl½ us 1946 esa fd;k FkkA Credit

Cards Customers dks ,d Pre-defined Credit Limit Provide djrs gSa]

ftldk Use og Shopping ;k fdlh Hkh Payment dks djus ds fy, dj

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ldrs gSaA Credit Card dh Credit Limit Customer ds Credit Score vkSj

Monthly income ds vk/kkj ij Bank }kjk Decide fd;k tkrk gSA

 Debit Card- Debit Card vkids Savings ;k Current Bank Account ls

Linked Card gSA tc vki Bank Account Open djrs gSa] rks Bank ,d

Card tkjh djrk gS] ftls vki ATM vkSj POS (Point of Sale) Terminal

ij iSls fudkyus ;k vius [kpksZa dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, Use dj ldrs

gSaA Debit Card ls vki dsoy mruk iSlk [kpZ dj ldrs gSa] tks orZeku

esa vkids Account esa j[kk x;k gSA

Note- ATM Card ;k Debit Card ds ek/;e ls Online Payment djus

ds fy, 16 vadksa ds Card Number, 3 vad ds Card Verification Value

vkSj Card Expiry Date rFkk Card Pin ;k OTP dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA

E-Wallet

E-Wallet ,d Online Prepaid Account gS] ftldk mi;ksx iSlksa dks Digital

:i esa Store djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vko’;drk gksus ij Computer ;k

Smartphone ds ek/;e ls Online Transactions fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,d

Real-Wallet dk Electronic :i gS] ftldk Use Customers }kjk rqjar vkSj

lqjf{kr :i ls Transactions djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& PayTM,

PhonePe, PayZapp, MobiKwik, Google Pay etc.

Types of e-Wallet-

 Closed e-Wallet

 Open e-Wallet

 Semi Closed e-Wallet

 Semi Open e-Wallet

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PoS [Point of Sale]-

Point of Sale (PoS) fjVsy LVksj ij Use fd;k tkus okyk System gS] tgk¡ ls

vki HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dh fcØh dk lapkyu djrs gSaA blds ek/;e ls Sell fd,

x, lkeku ds Bills dk Payment fd;k tkrk gSA bldh ‘kq:vkr 1879 esa

James Ritty ¼tsEl fjV~Vh½ ds }kjk dh xbZ FkhA PoS dk Use djus ds fy,

Hardware vkSj Software nksuksa dh t:jr iM+rh gSA blesa Thermal Printer

dk Use Bill dks Print djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Internet Banking

Internet Banking og System gS] tks Customers dks mlds Net-Banking ls

Financial vkSj Non-Financial Transaction djus dh lqfo/kk Provide djrh gSA

pkgs og fdlh Other Bank esa Money Transfer djuk gks Transaction Details

dks Check djuk gks] ;k Bill Payment djuk gksA vki Internet Banking dh

Help ls vkSj Hkh cgqr lkjs dke dj ldrs gSaA Internet Banking vkidks 24*7

Financial Transactions djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA Internet Banking esa Money

Transfer djus ds fy, NEFT, RTGS ;k IMPS Payment Method dk Use fd;k

tkrk gSA

Enable Internet Banking-

Internet Banking Account Open djus ds fy, vki vius Bank ls Contact

dj ldrs gSaA vkidk Bank vkidks E-mail ;k Mkd ds ek/;e ls vkids Online

Banking Account ds fy, ,d User ID vkSj Password Provide djsxkA

Features of Internet Banking-

 Customers viuk Account Statement ns[k ldrk gSA

144

 Customers Related Bank }kjk fdlh Fixed Period esa gq, Transaction

dh Information ys ldrs gSaA

 Customers e-Commerce Platform ij Sale vkSj Purchase dj ldrs

gSaA

 Internet Bank dh Help ls vki vkSj Hkh cgqr lkjs dke dj ldrs gSaA

tSls& Fund Transfer djuk] fdlh Hkh rjg ds Bill dk Payment djuk]

Mobile Recharge djuk vkfnA

National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)

NEFT ,d Nation-wide Payment System gS] ftldh Help ls ge fcuk Bank

tk, Electronically ,d Bank Account ls nwljs Bank Account esa Money

Transfer dj ldrs gSaA NEFT Services dks November 2005 esa RBI ds }kjk

‘kq: dh xbZ FkhA NEFT esa dbZ Transactions dk ,d Set cuk;k tkrk gS] ftls

Batch dgk tkrk gS] vkSj Transactions dks Batch-wise Execute fd;k tkrk

gSA igys NEFT Transactions Banking dqN ?k.Vksa ds fy, gh Available Fkh]

ysfdu 16 December 2019 ls blds ek/;e ls Fund Transfer dh le; lhek

24*7 dj nh xbZ gSA NEFT ds ek/;e ls Transfer dh tkus okyh jkf’k ij dksbZ

Upper ;k Lower Limit ugh gksrh gSA NEFT dh Help ls Fund Transfer djus

ds fy, ge vius Internet Banking ;k Mobile Banking esa Login dj ldrs

gSa] vkSj fuEufyf[kr dk Use djds Fund Hkst ldrs gSaA tSls& Name of the

Beneficiary, Account Number, IFSC Code (Indian Financial System Code).

Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)

RTGS ,d Fund Transfer Method gS] ftlds ek/;e ls fcuk fdlh nsjh ds

Real Time ds Base ij iSlk Hkstk tkrk gSA RTGS Service dh ‘kq:vkr March

145

2004 esa RBI ds }kjk dh xbZ FkhA RTGS Service Present Time esa Monday ls

Saturday (2

vkSj 4

Saturdays dks NksM+dj) lqcg 8:00 cts ls ‘kke dks 6:00

cts rd Available gSA RTGS ek/;e ls Transfer dh tkus okyh Minimum

Amount 2 Lakh gS] vkSj bldh dksbZ Upper Limit ugh gksrh gSA

Immediate Payment Service (IMPS)

IMPS ,d Real Time Payment Service gS] tks 24*7 Hours Available gSA ;g

Service National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) }kjk 22

November 2010 dks izkjEHk dh xbZ Fkh] tks Customers dks Banks vkSj RBI

}kjk Authorized ¼vf/kÑr½ PPI (Prepaid Payment Instrument Issuers) ds

ek/;e ls rqjar Money Transfer djus dh Authority nsrh gSA IMPS esa nks rjg

ls Fund Transfer fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1. Beneficiary dk Name, Account Number vkSj IFSC Code.

2. MMID vkSj Mobile Number.

Note- MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) ,d 7 vadksa dh la[;k gS] tks Banks

ds }kjk tkjh dh tkrh gSA

Online Bill Payment

Online Bill Payment Customer dks Digital Banking ds ek/;e ls viuh

Utility Payment ¼mi;ksfxrk Hkqxrku½ Online djus ds fy, Provide djus okyh

lqfo/kk gSA Customer vius Light dk Bill, Mobile dk Bill, ikuh dk Bill,

Insurance Payment vkfn fofHkUu Utility Payment Digital Banking ds ek/;e

ls ?kj cSBs fdlh Hkh Time dj ldrs gSaA orZeku esa Online Bill Payment dk

pyu cgqr rsth ls c<+ jgk gSA Online Bill Payment ds fy, Internet Banking,

146

Mobile Banking, Credit Card, Debit Card, e-Wallet etc dk Use fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

Chapter 8 - Important Questions

1. Describe e-Wallet and also explain various e-Wallet Payment

gateway? bZ&okWysV dk o.kZu djsa vkSj fofHkUu bZ&okWysV isesaV xsVos dh Hkh

O;k[;k djsa\

E-Wallet ,d Online Prepaid Account gS] ftldk mi;ksx iSlksa dks

Digital :i esa Store djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vko’;drk gksus ij

Computer ;k Smartphone ds ek/;e ls Online Transactions fd;k tk

ldrk gSA tSls& PayTM, PhonePe, PayZapp, MobiKwik, Google Pay

etc.

Types of e-Wallet-

 Closed e-Wallets- ;s e-Wallet dsoy ,d Special Site ds fy, Use

fd, tk ldrs gSaA buds }kjk vki fdlh Other Site ij Online

Transaction ugh dj ldrs gSaA ;s ,d izdkj ls Personal Digital

Wallet gksrs gSaA

 Semi-Closed e-Wallets- ;s Closed e-Wallet dk gh nwljk Version

gSA ysfdu budk Use vki ,d Site ds vykok ml Site ls Related

Other Sites ij Hkh Online Transaction dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu blesa

vkidks Cash Withdrawal djus dh lqfo/kk ugh nh tkrh gSA

 Open e-Wallet- bu Digital Wallet dks Banking Wallet Hkh dgrs

gSa] D;ksafd budks Bank }kjk gh tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj ;s vkids

Bank Account ls Connect jgrs gSaA buds }kjk vki Online

Transaction djus ds vykok Cash Withdrawal Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

147

2. Write short description on QR Code and IFSC Code? QR dksM vkSj

IFSC dksM ij lafNIr fooj.k fy[ksa\

QR Code(Quick Response Code)- QR Code ,d rjg dk Barcode gS]

ftlesa Dots dh ,d Matrix gksrh gSA bls Matrix Bar Code ;k Two

Dimensional Bar Code Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bls QR Scanner ;k Mobile

Camera }kjk Scan fd;k tk ldrk gSA QR Code esa dksbZ Hkh Data gks

ldrk gS tSls& Bank Account Details ;k fdlh Website dk URL,

Application vkfnA

IFSC Code (Indian Financial Code)- IFSC Code ,d Alpha-Numeric

Code gS] tks NEFT System esa Hkkx ysus okys Bank Branch dh fof’k”V

igpku (Unique Identity) djrk gSA ;g 11 vadksa dk Code gS] ftlesa

Start ds 4 Alpha Character Bank dks Represent djrs gSa] vkSj Last ds

6 Character Branch dks Represent djrs gSa] vkSj 5oka 0 gSA

3. What is Unified Payment Interface (UPI)? ;wihvkbZ ¼;wfuQkbM isesaV~l

baVjQsl½ D;k gS\

Unified Payments Interface, National Payments Corporation of

India (NPCI) }kjk Developed ,d Instant Payment System gSA ;g ,d

,slk System gS] tks dbZ Bank Accounts dks ,d gh Mobile Application

esa Combine djrk gSA blds lkFk gh ;s dbZ Banking Services dks Hkh

Combine djrk gSA tSls& Balance Enquiry, Fund Transfer vkfnA

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) dks NPCI ds }kjk 11 vizSy 2016 dks

Mumbai esa RBI ds Governor Dr. Raghuram Ji Rajan }kjk Launch fd;k

x;k FkkA

4. Explain Credit Card and Debit Card? ØsfMV dkMZ vkSj MsfcV dkMZ dh

C;k[;k djsa\

148

Credit Card- Credit Card ,d iryh Rectangular Plastic Card gS] tks

vkidks Credit Based Transactions djus esa Help djrk gSA Credit Cards

Customers dks ,d Pre-defined Credit Limit Provide djrs gSa] ftldk

Use og Shopping ;k fdlh Hkh Payment dks djus ds fy, dj ldrs

gSaA Credit Card dh Credit Limit Customer ds Credit Score vkSj

Monthly income ds vk/kkj ij Bank }kjk Decide fd;k tkrk gSA

Debit Card- Debit Card vkids Savings ;k Current Bank Account ls

Linked Card gSA tc vki Bank Account Open djrs gSa] rks Bank ,d

Card tkjh djrk gS] ftls vki ATM vkSj POS (Point of Sale) Terminal

ij iSls fudkyus ;k vius [kpksZa dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, Use dj ldrs

gSaA Debit Card ls vki dsoy mruk iSlk [kpZ dj ldrs gSa] tks orZeku

esa vkids Account esa j[kk x;k gSA

5. Explain the Digital Financial Tools? fMftVy foÙkh; midj.k dh C;k[;k

djsa\

,sls Devices ftuds ek/;e ls Digital Financial Services dk Use fd;k

tk ldrk gS] Digital Financial Tools dgykrs gSaA tSls& ATM, Credit

Card, Debit Card, UPI, e-Wallets, POS (Point of Sale) Machine vkfn

lHkh Digital Financial Tools ds Example gSA

Chapter 9- Overview of Futureskills and Cyber

Security

fdlh dke dks djus ds fy, vkt tks Skills dh Requirement gS] gks ldrk gS

fd og Skills Future esa Outdate gks tk,A blfy, NASSCOM (National

Association of Software and Service Companies) us ,d ,slk Platform

149

cuk;k gS] tgk¡ IT Professional [kqn dks Enroll dj ldrs gSaA vkSj IOT,

Robotics, Artificial Intelligence tSlh dbZ Emerging Technologies lh[k

ldrs gSaA Futureskills IT Professionals ds fy, viuh Skills dks Upgrade

djus ds fy, ,d Platform gSA bls 19 February 2018 dks Launch fd;k x;k

FkkA

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) Physical Objects dk ,d Network gksrk gS] tks

Sensors vkSj Software dh Help ls ,d nwljs ls Connected jgrs gSaA vkSj

,d nwljs ls Communication dj ldrs gSaA tSls& Smart watch, Smart tv,

Smart phone etc.

Components of IoT-

 Sensors Device

 Connectivity

 Data Processing

 User Interface

How IoT Works

ftl rjg Internet us gesa World Wide Web ds ek/;e ls tksM+dj gekjs dke

djus vkSj ,d nwljs ds lkFk ckrphr djus ds rjhds dks cny fn;k gSA mlh

rjg ls gh IoT dk Purpose ,d Time esa dbZ Devices dks Internet ls tksM+dj

bl Connectivity dks nwljs Level rd ys tkuk gSA ftlesa Human ls Machine

vkSj Machine ls Machine vkil esa Conversation ¼ckrphr½ dj ldsaA

Advantages of IoT-

 Easy Tracking

150

 Home Automation

 Remote Access of Things etc.

Disadvantages of IoT-

 Security

 Privacy

 Complexity etc.

Big Data Analytics

Internet ij izR;sd Users Data Create dj jgs gSa] tSls& Online Shopping

djrs le;] Social Media ij Post djrs le;] GPS System dk Use djds

Travel djrs le; vkfnA bu lHkh Data ds Collection dks Big Data dgk tkrk

gSA Big Data Analytics esa bu lHkh Data dks Analyze fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls

dh dksbZ Pattern ;k dksbZ Usefull Information fudkyh tk ldsA Companies

vius Revenue dks c<+kus ds fy, Big Data Analytics dk Use djrh gSaA Big

Data Analytics dks dbZ Sectors esa Apply fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& Banking,

Healthcare, Manufacturing, Educations, Online advertisements, Social

Media etc.

Types of Big Data-

 Structured Data

 Unstructured Data

 Semi-Structured Data

Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing Internet ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu Services Provide djrk gS]

tSls& Data Storage, Servers, Database, Networking vkSj Software vkfnA

Cloud-based Storage dh Help ls Files dks Remote Database esa Store fd;k

151

tk ldrk gSA vkSj t:jr iM+us ij Internet dk Use djds mUgs Access fd;k

tk ldrk gSA Cloud Computing Services Cost dks de djrk gSA

Advantage of Cloud Computing-

 Cost- ;g Hardware vkSj Software dks Purchase djus dh Cost dks de

djrk gSA

 Speed- blesa Resources dks feuVksa esa access fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 Scalability- blesa ge Business Requirements ds vuqlkj Resources

dh Requirements dks c<+k ;k ?kVk ldrs gSaA

 Security- Cloud Seller gekjs Data Security dks Strong djus okyh

Policies, Technologies vkSj Controls dk ,d O;kid (Comprehensive)

Set Provide djrs gSaA

 Reliability- Data Backup vkSj Recovery dh fujarjrk (Continuity) ds

fy, de Expensive vkSj cgqr Fast gSA

Types of Cloud-

 Public Cloud- bldk Use dksbZ Hkh dj ldrk gSA

 Private Cloud- ;g fdlh ,d Company ;k Person ds Personal Use

ds fy, gksrk gSA

 Hybrid Cloud- Combination of Public and Private Cloud

Cloud Computing Services-

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)- Storage, Networking, Servers etc.

 Platform as a Service (PaaS)- Operating Systems.

 Software as a Service (SaaS)- Shared Software Applications.

152

Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality dk vFkZ gS gekjs Computer ds ek/;e ls ,slh phtksa dk vuqHko

djuk tks Actually esa ekStwn ugh gSA ;g ml nqfu;k esa Objects dks Manipulate

djus vkSj blds ek/;e ls mls Navigate djus dh ;ksX;rk (Eligibility) dk

,glkl djkrk gSA Virtual Reality dk iz;ksx vDlj 3D Environment ¼okrkoj.k½

High Visual Multimedia vkfn ls lacaf/kr Applications ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Virtual Reality vkidks Computer ds }kjk tujsV dh xbZ nqfu;k esa gksus dk

,glkl djkrh gSA

Use of Virtual Reality-

 Gamming

 Entertainment

 Engineering

 Education

 Scientific Visualization etc.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) ,d ,slh Technology gS] ftlesa Machine dks

Program fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls Machines Intelligent Work dj ldsaA

Artificial Intelligence dk mn~ns’; e’khuksa esa ekuo tSlh lkspus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus

dh {kerk dks fodflr djuk gSA Artificial Intelligence esa Use gksus okyh

Language- LISP (List Processing) ,d Programming Language gS] ftls

1959 esa John McCarthy ¼tkWu eSdkFkhZ½ ds }kjk Develop fd;k x;k FkkA John

McCarthy dks Artificial Intelligence dk tud dgk tkrk gSA Artificial

Intelligence Computer Science dh ,d Branch gS] ftldk Use Intelligent

Machines dks cukus esa fd;k tkrk gS] tks ,d Human dh rjg O;ogkj dj

153

ldrs gSa] Human dh rjg lksp ldrs gSa] vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gks ldrs

gSaA

Applications of Artificial Intelligence-

 Gamming

 Natural Language Processing

 Vision System

 Expert System

 Speech Recognition

 Intelligent Robots etc.

Artificial Intelligence Programming Languages-

 LISP (List Processing)

 R Programming

 Python

 Java

 Prolog etc.

Social and Mobile

Social Media ,d Platform (Website ;k Mobile Application) gSA tgka ge

viuk Accounts cuk ldrs gSa] vkSj Photos, Videos vkfn dks vius Family,

Friends, Colleagues vkfn ds lkFk Share dj ldrs gSaA tSls& Facebook,

Twitter, WhatsApp vkfnA Social Media dk mi;ksx T;knkrj Mobile Devices

ij fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd Mobile cgqr Portable gksrk gSA

Blockchain Technology

154

Blockchain ,d Distributed Database gS] tks lHkh Transactions ;k Digital

Event ds Record dks j[krk gS] ftls Hkkxhnkj nyksa (Partner Parties) ds chp

Execute and Share fd;k tkrk gSA Blockchain Digital Crypto Currency

Bitcoin dh Backbone Technology gSA Blockchain Technology igyh ckj

rc lkeus vkbZ tc Satoshi Nakamoto ¼lkrks’kh ukdkeksVks½ us 2008 esa

“Bitcoin- ,d Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System” ij ,d ‘osr i=

(White Papers) izdkf’kr fd;k FkkA

How Blockchain Technology Works-

Bitcoin Blockchain dk ,d Popular Example gSA Bitcoin ,d Cryptocurrency

gS] vkSj bldk Use Digital Properties dks Online Transaction djus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA blesa izR;sd Transaction Digital Signature ds ek/;e ls

Secure jgrk gSA

Use of Blockchain Technology-

 Blockchain Internet of things.

 Smart Device.

 Banking System.

 Passport.

 Blockchain Healthcare.

 Personal identification.

 Birth, Marriage and death Certificate.

3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing

3D Printing ,d Technology gS] ftlds }kjk fofHkUu phtksa ds 3D Models dk

mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA 3D Printer dk Use djds ge fdlh Hkh 3D Object

tSls& Ball, Chair, Bottel vkfn dk mRiknu dj ldrs gSaA 3D Printing dks

155

Additing Manufacturing Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh oLrq dk 3D Model,

CAD Software ;k 3D Object Scanner }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA

Advantage of 3D Printing-

 Easily Accessible

 Faster Production

 Cost-Effectiveness

 Low Waste Generation

 Unlimited Shapes and Geometry

Applications of 3D Printing-

 Space Engineering

 Education

 Construction and Architecture

 Biomedical Engineering

 Robotics

Robotics Process Automation

Robotic Process Automation (RPA) ,d Automated Software Tool ;k

Software Technology gS] ftlds }kjk Software Robots dks rS;kj dj ldrs

gSaA ;s Robots fofHkUu izdkj ds dk;Z djus esa l{ke gSaA ;g ,d Advanced

Technology gS] tks fd vkus okys le; esa bl nqfu;k ds jgu&lgu dks cny

dj j[k nsxkA RPA Technology ls fufeZr ;s Robots balkuksa dh rjg gh dk;Z

dks lh[kus esa l{ke gSaA

Advantage of RPA-

 Accuracy is Increased.

 Tasks are Completed Rapidly.

 Cost of Manpower is saved.

 Productivity is increased.

156

Applications of RPA-

 Banking Service

 HR Service in Companies

 Customer Service

 Healthcare etc.

Cyber Security

Cyber Security Computer System vkSj Networks ds Hardware ;k

Electronic Data dh pksjh ;k mlds uqdlku gksus ds lkFk&lkFk muds }kjk

Provide dh tkus okyh Services ds Dissolution ;k mlds xyr mi;ksx ls

Security Provide djrk gSA Cyber Security og Technology gS] ftldk Use

Hackers ;k fdlh vU; [krjs ls Data dh lqj{kk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Need of Cyber Security

orZeku dk ;qx ,d Digital ;qx gSA ge lc ,d ,slh nqfu;k esa jgrs gSa tgk¡

ij gekjh Personal Information, Official, Banking rFkk Other Information

Computer vkSj Other Devices ij Data ds :i esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA ml

Data dk ,d Part Sensitive Information gks ldrk gS] pkgs og Intellectual

Data, Financial Data, Personal Information ;k Other Type dk Data gks]

Cyber Security dh Help ls Internet vkSj System ij ekStwn lHkh Data dks

lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj mls pksjh gksus ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA

Cyber Security Goals-

 Data Privacy

 Integrity of Data

 Authorized Users ds fy, Data dh Availability

Types of Cyber Attacks-

157

1. System Based Attacks

2. Web Based Attacks

1. System Based Attacks-

 Virus

 Warm

 Trojan Horse

 Backdoors

2. Web Based Attacks-

 DNS Spoofing

 Fishing

 Denial of Service

 Man in the Middle Attacks(MiTm)

 Brute Force

Securing PC

PC (Laptop / Desktop) dks Viruses Program ls Secure djus ds fy,

fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,&

 Keep your Operating System and Software Updated.

 Always use License Software.

 Be Careful Online and Don’t Click on Suspicious Links.

 Backup your System.

 Keep your Password Safe and Hard to Guess.

 Install Antivirus Software to Protect your PC.

 Adjust your Browser Settings.

 Enable Firewall.

Securing Smart Phone

158

Smart Phone Hkh Computer dh rjg Hackers ds Favorite Target gSaA Smart

Phone esa dbZ rjg dh Personal Information Save jgrh gSa tSls& Picture,

Location, Banking Applications, Social Media Applications etc. bu lHkh

Information dks Secure j[kus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA Smart Phone dks

Secure j[kus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,&

 Keep a Strong Password

 Use Only Trusted Apps

 Update Phones and Apps Regularly

 Backup Phone data

 Set up Remote Wipe

 Wi-Fi and Hotspot Security

 Understand App Permissions before Accepting Them etc.

Chapter 9- Important Questions

1. Describe Cloud Computing with Advantage of Cloud Computing?

DykmM dEI;wfVax ds ykHkksa ds lkFk DykmM dEI;wfVax dk o.kZu djsa\

Cloud Computing Internet ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu Services Provide djrk

gS] tSls& Data Storage, Servers, Database, Networking vkSj Software

vkfnA Cloud-based Storage dh Help ls Files dks Remote Database

esa Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkSj t:jr iM+us ij Internet dk Use

djds mUgs Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA Cloud Computing Services Cost

dks de djrk gSA

Advantage of Cloud Computing-

 Cost- ;g Hardware vkSj Software dks Purchase djus dh Cost

dks de djrk gSA

 Speed- blesa Resources dks feuVksa esa access fd;k tk ldrk gSA

159

 Scalability- blesa ge Business Requirements ds vuqlkj

Resources dh Requirements dks c<+k ;k ?kVk ldrs gSaA

 Security- Cloud Seller gekjs Data Security dks Strong djus okyh

Policies, Technologies vkSj Controls dk ,d O;kid

(Comprehensive) Set Provide djrs gSaA

 Reliability- Data Backup vkSj Recovery dh fujarjrk (Continuity)

ds fy, de Expensive vkSj cgqr Fast gSA

2. Explain the Artificial Intelligence? What are the Applications of

Artificial Intelligence? vkVhZfQf’k;y baVsfytsal dh O;k[;k djsa\

vkVhZfQf’k;y baVsfytsal ds vuqiz;ksx D;k gSa\

Artificial Intelligence (AI) ,d ,slh Technology gS] ftlesa Machine dks

Program fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls Machines Intelligent Work dj ldsaA

Artificial Intelligence dk mn~ns’; e’khuksa esa ekuo tSlh lkspus vkSj fu.kZ;

ysus dh {kerk dks fodflr djuk gSA Artificial Intelligence esa Use gksus

okyh Language- LISP (List Processing) ,d Programming Language

gS] ftls 1959 esa John McCarthy ¼tkWu eSdkFkhZ½ ds }kjk Develop fd;k

x;k FkkA John McCarthy dks Artificial Intelligence dk tud dgk tkrk

gSA Artificial Intelligence Computer Science dh ,d Branch gS] ftldk

Use Intelligent Machines dks cukus esa fd;k tkrk gS] tks ,d Human

dh rjg O;ogkj dj ldrs gSa] Human dh rjg lksp ldrs gSa] vkSj fu.kZ;

ysus esa l{ke gks ldrs gSaA

Applications of Artificial Intelligence-

 Gamming

 Natural Language Processing

 Vision System

161

5. What is Blockchain Technology ? How it Works? Cykdpsu VsDuksykWth

D;k gS\ ;g fdl izdkj dk;Z djrh gS\

Blockchain ,d Distributed Database gS] tks lHkh Transactions ;k

Digital Event ds Record dks j[krk gS] ftls Hkkxhnkj nyksa (Partner

Parties) ds chp Execute and Share fd;k tkrk gSA Blockchain Digital

Crypto Currency Bitcoin dh Backbone Technology gSA Blockchain

Technology igyh ckj rc lkeus vkbZ tc Satoshi Nakamoto ¼lkrks’kh

ukdkeksVks½ us 2008 esa “Bitcoin- ,d Peer to Peer Electronic Cash

System” ij ,d ‘osr i= (White Papers) izdkf’kr fd;k FkkA

How Blockchain Technology Works-

Bitcoin Blockchain dk ,d Popular Example gSA Bitcoin ,d

Cryptocurrency gS] vkSj bldk Use Digital Properties dks Online

Transaction djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blesa izR;sd Transaction

Digital Signature ds ek/;e ls Secure jgrk gSA